Characteristics of non-literary translation

Introduction

Text “ Banker ‘s fillips: Caps on wage are no manner to reconstruct the fiscal system to wellness ” ( text 1 ) and text “ Labour conference: Talk to itself ” ( text 2 ) are quite different and at the same clip portion some common characteristics. The rubric of text 1 suggests that the text is about cutting top-bankers ‘ wages and its overall consequence on the fiscal system of the state. Whereas, judgment by the rubric, the capable affair of the 2nd text is the consequences of the Labour party conference.

The texts are both specialized, but the specializer Fieldss differ: text 1 belongs to the field of concern and economic sciences and text 2 is a national political text. The last portion of this essay will look at this facet in item ; the first two will take at the comparative analysis in footings of text type and intent, registry and readership, lexis and sentence structure ; the 3rd portion will cover with possible interlingual rendition jobs aroused by certain lexical points.

Abbreviations:

ST – beginning text

TT – mark text

BT – dorsum interlingual rendition

Text type and intent, genre, registry and readership

As Hatim and Mason province, by and large most texts are intercrossed in their nature, but “ text intents may merely be viewed in footings of ‘dominances ‘ of a given intent or contextual focal point ” ( 1990: 146 ) . Text 1 is strictly argumentative, while text 2 can be besides called loanblend, as it comprises some characteristics of narrative ( study on the Labour party conference held in September of 2009 ) , but chiefly debate. Harmonizing to Hatim and Mason ‘s text typology, text 2 belongs to the type of the “ through-argument ” , which is “ mentioning the thesis and reasoning it through ” ( 1990: 152 ) . Indeed, the writer at the really get downing provinces that the taking political party is separated from the British people and it is improbable to be re-elected, because the public trust was lost, and so he proves that thought in each paragraph, doing a decision at the terminal that Labour is non loved by public, hence there is non excessively much hope for them to win the future elections. As for text 1, it can be classified as the counter-argumentative. At first, the writer cites John Kenneth Galbraith, a really celebrated economic expert of the 2nd half of the twentieth century, who expressed his negative attitude to the fillips ‘ system. Then in each paragraph he opposes that thesis by assorted statements, giving illustrations of how that job is solved in other states and in the UK. Finally, he expresses his ain sentiment that the job is really acute but statute law to cut bankers ‘ wages is all incorrect and another manner out should be found by the British authorities in order to reconstruct the fiscal system of the state. So the texts belong to the same text type ( with the intimation of hybridization in text 2 ) , intending that their chief map is persuasive. It is known, that “ the purpose of the text represents the SL author ‘s attitude to the capable affair ” ( Newmark P. 1988:12 ) . The impression of the text type is closely connected with the intent of the text. Thus the writers of both texts purpose at appealing to their addressees by advancing credence or rating of some thoughts or constructs. Furthermore, the pick of lexis in both texts is strongly determined by the writers ‘ purposes, text type and intent: the texts are marked by the usage of connotative words which instantly indicates the argumentative text type. Lexical characteristics of the texts will be looked at in item subsequently.

As a “ conventional text type that is associated with a specific communicative map ” ( Munday J. 2001: 91-92 ) genres of the texts are besides linked with their argumentative nature ; particularly text 2 which is an column from the on-line version of the Guardian newspaper ( columns normally have extremely appraising content and, as can be assumed, appellative intent ) . Text 2, as a remark from www.timesonline.co.uk, is characterised by the persuasive map of the whole text with the small difference that it besides performs, although non preponderantly, an enlightening map, which is typical of the genre of a newspaper article.

Register, as a “ assortment of linguistic communication that a linguistic communication user considers appropriate to a specific map ” ( Baker M. 1992: 15 ) , ever depends on purpose, text type, genre and intent of the text. Text 1 and 2 can be besides compared in this sense significance that the first text, as stated before, trades with jobs in banking sector, so it belongs to the field of economic sciences, whereas text 2 is clearly political. There is besides a difference between two texts in footings of tenor: text 1 has a higher degree of formality than text 2 as it is more specialized, while text 2 is less formal. Although in both texts the registry is semiformal. The texts are similar in the manner – written to be read reflectively, because the writers ‘ purpose at bring forthing that sort of consequence.

As it was stated before, text 1 and 2 are from the national English newspapers which are ranked as extremely important beginnings. That is why their intended readership is, evidently, an educated populace, presumptively of center or upper category, who reads that sort of newspapers. Although the differentiation can be made here in footings of different Fieldss of these texts: text 1 is addressed to the people who are able to understand and measure economical issues, whereas text 2 is largely aimed at those who are interested in political relations. Overall, the readership for both texts is rather the same: it entitles a great trade of cultural background cognition and assumes a significant, but non really specialized, cognition of political, economical, historical and societal life on its national and international degrees.

Lexis, grammar and sentence structure

Lexical and syntactic characteristics of both texts are determined by several of import factors which are surely mutualist. First, because they are argumentative they are marked by the extended usage of connotative words, chiefly negative in significance:

( text1 ) ‘heady wagess ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘public rage ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘full-blown fiscal terror ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘shed his problems ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘ambitious program ‘ ( line 19 ) , ‘expresses discouragement ‘ ( line 24 ) , ‘introduce deformations ‘ ( line 33 ) , ‘reform ‘ ( line 39 ) , ‘hobble the City ‘ ( line 40 ) , ‘landgrab ‘ ( line 42 ) , ‘bloated ‘ ( line 45 )

But in text 2 the connotative lexis is stronger than in the first one, once more, because of its argumentative text type, column genre, writer ‘s appellative purpose and persuasive map.

( text 2 ) ‘dreary setup ‘ ( line 3 ) , ‘speaking mournfully ‘ ( line 6 ) , ‘retrospective sorrow ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘dogmatic enthusiasm ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘helium-voiced staginess ‘ ( line 22 ) , ‘cheeky self-referential game ‘ ( line 27 ) , ‘populist crackdown ‘ ( line 36 ) , ‘crusade ‘ ( line 39 ) , ‘inject passion ‘ ( line 35 )

The choice of words in footings of manner is besides different in two texts: text 2 is marked by the usage of colloquialisms, together with more formal lexis:

( text 2 ) ‘smash down ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘backward-looking ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘what on Earth… ‘ ( line 20 ) , ‘boils down ‘ ( line 15 ) , ‘keep leading alive ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘drive the party farther ‘ ( line 15 ) , ‘awful thought ‘ ( line 41 ) , ‘fell level ‘ ( line 29 ) , ‘messy ‘ ( line 37 )

In this instance such lexical pick depends a batch on extremely persuasive consequence the writer aims at bring forthing in the text.

There is no uncertainty that the field of specialization has strong influence on the linguistic communication of the texts. Text 1 is about banking and economic sciences, that is why there are many footings from this field:

( text 1 ) ‘boardroom ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘chief executive ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘corporation ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘global economic system ‘ ( line 11 ) , ‘banking sector ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘recapitalise ‘ ( line 20 ) , ‘traders ‘ ( line 27 ) , ‘compensation strategies ‘ ( line 31 ) , ‘tax liabilities ‘ ( line 36 ) , ‘chairman ‘ ( line 43 ) , ‘economic instance ‘ ( line 44 ) , ‘financial instability ‘ ( line 15 )

The undermentioned illustration illustrates another characteristic of economical texts, – noun bunchs, – which are “ several nouns and adjectives to denominate one individual construct “ ( Guadalupe Acedo Dominguez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D. , available at hypertext transfer protocol: //accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03/2003 ) :

( text 1 ) ‘short-term trading net incomes ‘ ( line 29 ) , ‘risk-adjusted net incomes ‘ ( line 32 )

As for text 2, it is similar to text 1 in footings of the usage of nomenclature, but this clip the footings belong to the field of political relations:

( text 2 ) ‘political conference ‘ ( line 3 ) , ‘ministers ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘strategy ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘electorate ‘ ( line 15 ) , ‘polling twenty-four hours ‘ ( line 19 ) , ‘speeches ‘ ( line 22 ) , ‘technocratic instrument ‘ ( line 42 )

The footings from other subjects are widely used in both texts, once more, because the Fieldss of political relations and economic sciences are characterised by this characteristic:

( text 1 ) ‘policymakers ‘ ( line 11 ) , ‘capitalism ‘ ( line 25 ) , ‘code of behavior ‘ ( line 26 ) , ‘legislation ‘ ( line 33 )

( text 2 ) ‘apparatus ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘security province ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘economic crisis ‘ ( line 12 ) , ‘recovery ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘secure zone ‘ ( line 17 ) , ‘financial crisis ‘ ( line 35 ) , ‘populist ‘ ( line 36 )

“ Political texts are a portion and/or consequence of political relations, they are historically and culturally determined ” ( Sch & A ; auml ; ffner C. ” Schemes of Translating Political Texts ” , Text Typology and Translation, edited by Trosberg A. , 1997: 119 ) . This can besides be said about economical texts. That is why both texts are abundant in culture-specific mentions ( proper names, day of the months, personal, historical and geographical mentions ) :

( text 1 ) ‘John Kenneth Galbraith ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘the G20 ‘ ( line 9 ) , ‘the City ‘ ( line 40 ) , ‘Mr Brown ‘ line 18 ) , ‘Angela Merkel ‘ ( line 26 ) , ‘president Sarkozy ‘ ( line 24 ) , ‘the incomes policies of the seventiess ‘ ( line 34 ) , ‘Lord Turner Ecchinswell ‘ ( line 43 ) , ‘the Financial Services Authority ‘ ( line 43 )

( text 2 ) ‘Labour ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘Gordon Brown ‘ ( line 11 ) , ‘the Conservatives ‘ ( line 16 ) , ‘Alistair Darling ‘ ( line 21 ) , ‘Peter Mandelson ‘ ( line 21 ) , ‘the City ‘ ( line 36 ) , ‘Progress mass meeting ‘ ( line 43 ) , ’11 curates ‘ ( line 43 ) , ‘chancellor ‘ ( line 24 ) , ‘business secretary ‘ ( line 28 )

Texts 1 and 2 are both rich in nonliteral linguistic communication, chiefly metaphors and metonyms ( influenced by their text type, purpose and field ) . For illustration, Newmark says that “ game metaphors ” are frequent in political texts ( 1991: 158 ) , which can be shown by the illustration:

( text 2 ) ‘Lord Mandelson played with the hall, a brash self-referential game… ‘ ( line 26 )

Here Mandelson ‘s address is compared to a game, therefore metaphorically set uping a comparing between one thought and another ( Beard A. 2000: 19 ) .

Synecdoche, as a type of metonymy when the portion stands for the whole, is used in the 2nd text ( face stands for the individual ) :

( text 2 ) ‘convincing face of a campaign against the City ‘ ( about Alistair Darling ) ( line 39 )

There are many other metaphors and metonyms in text 2:

( text 2 ) ‘age-old characteristic ‘ ( line 31 ) , ‘chase the premier curate ‘ ( line 19 ) , ‘left the state cold ‘ ( line 27 ) , ‘conference talking mournfully to itself ‘ ( line 6 ) , etc.

Text 1 is non that rich in nonliteral linguistic communication as text 2, because it deals with economical jobs, still a few illustrations can be given:

( text 1 ) ‘bloated ( fiscal sector ) ‘ ( line 45 ) , ‘market award ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘contaminating the wider economic system ‘ ( line 16 ) , ‘hobble the City ‘ ( line 40 )

Equally far as grammar is concerned, in both texts such parts of address as adjectives, adverbs, concurrences and atoms, affectional verbs are used extensively which is related to the argumentative text type conventions:

( text 1 ) ‘heady wagess ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘widespread belief ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘populist and notional strategies ‘ ( line 15 ) , ‘competitively ‘ ( line 17 ) , ‘likely ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘ambitious program ‘ ( line 19 ) , ‘commensurate punishment ‘ ( line 30 ) , ‘shed his problems ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘sought to deliver the planetary economic system ‘ ( line 11 ) , ‘inveigh against ‘ ( line 11 ) , ‘expresses discouragement ‘ ( line 24 ) , ‘insists ‘ ( line 27 ) , ‘are adept at contriving ‘ ( line 36 ) , ‘devoted themselves ‘ ( line 35 ) , ‘but ‘ ( line 21 ) , ‘however ‘ ( line 23 )

( text 2 ) ‘dreary setup ‘ ( line 3 ) , ‘valedictory despatchs ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘wrong ‘ ( line 16 ) , ‘feelgood therapy ‘ ( line 22 ) , ‘mutual misgiving ‘ ( line 45 ) , ‘awful thought ‘ ( line 41 ) , ‘speaking mournfully ‘ ( line 6 ) , ‘helium-voiced ‘ ( line 22 ) , ‘fighting for their hereafter ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘cutting the party off ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘smash down ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘turned on the populace ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘indulged in ‘ ( line 22 ) , ‘fell level ‘ ( line 29 ) , ‘demean ‘ ( line 32 ) , ‘certainly ‘ ( line 36 ) , ‘but ‘ ( line 6 ) , ‘still ‘ ( line 28 ) , ‘if ‘ ( line 19 ) , ‘only ‘ ( line 33 ) , ‘at least ‘ ( line 10 )

Both texts are marked by the usage of active voice of verbs. It is linked to the writers ‘ purposes and the text intent, when it is of import to indicate out agents of the action ( persons, parties, groups, economic systems or states ) in order to appeal to the reader:

( text 1 ) ‘public rage… reflects ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘governments are surpassing ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘Mr brown shed his problems and sought to deliver ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘Mr Brown ‘s impression ne’er extended ‘ ( line 21 ) , ‘governments seen the chance ‘ ( line 23 ) , ‘search of net incomes generated big wagess ‘ ( line 29 )

( text 2 ) ‘ministers are composing ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘party feels ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘the Conservatives would endanger recovery ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘party made no effort ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘both work forces found it easier ‘ ( line 30 )

To accomplish accent in intending average verbs are frequently used in both texts:

( text 1 ) ‘Gordon Brown could execute… . ‘ ( line 14 ) , ‘Mr Brown should non misidentify… ‘ ( line 41 )

( text 2 ) ‘they should be contending… ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘no curate should speak… ‘ ( line 24 ) , ‘the argument should be had in public… ‘ ( line 42 )

Transitivity of verbs besides adds to their emphasized significance:

( text 1 ) ‘cap bankers ‘ wage ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘prevent fiscal instability ‘ ( line 15 ) , ‘recapitalise the Bankss ‘ ( line 20 ) , ‘seen the chance ‘ ( line 23 )

( text 2 ) ‘smash down barriers ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘left the state cold ‘ ( line 27 ) , ‘writing despatchs ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘demean your oppositions ‘ ( line 32 ) , ‘won an statement ‘ ( line 40 )

Largely present and future tenses are used in both texts to demo either the existent province of things, the writers ‘ statements showing their negative attitude or non really promising anticipations:

( text 1 ) And bankers are expert at contriving ways to minimise revenue enhancement liabilities. ( line 36 )

But statute law to crest bankers ‘ wage is non the reply. ( line 33 )

( text 2 ) That is true, but merely adds to the demand to speak about the hereafter. ( line 33 )

The disadvantage is that it will drive the party further from the electorate. ( line 14 )

Syntactic characteristics of the text are surely determined by the argumentative text type. Thus both text 1 and 2 do non hold a really complex sentence structure. The mean length of the sentences is average. Text 2, being explicitly appellative, comprises more short sentences than text1:

( text 2 ) He is right. ( line 24 )

At least Labour now has a scheme. ( line 10 )

He still knows what is needed. ( line 28 )

There is surely much to make. ( line 36 )

The sentences are comparatively simple. In those which are complex the chief clauses and the subsidiary clauses are connected with concurrences or temporal adverbs. Conditional clauses are typical of the argumentative text type: they are used to reflect the writer ‘s sentiment:

( text 1 ) If employers wished to honor staff, they would make it in benefits instead than in hard currency. ( line 34 )

( text 2 ) ‘ … if you win the following election, what on Earth do you desire to make with the following four old ages? ‘ ( line 19 )

The types of the sentences are determined by the argumentative text type of the texts: there are statements, rhetorical inquiry and even imperative used for accent:

( text 1 ) There is a job in bankers ‘ wage. ( line 29 )

It is non to impede the banking sector from runing competitively. ( line 16 )

Remember the incomes policies of the seventiess. ( line 34 )

( text 2 ) At least Labour now has a scheme. ( line 10 )

He is right. ( line 24 )

‘ … if you win the following election, what on Earth do you desire to make with the following four old ages? ‘ ( line 19 )

The word order in both texts is fixed, although there is a little divergence from the English norm ( capable + predicator + object + adjunct ) , when the clip accessory precedes the topic ( in intents of underscoring its significance in the sentence ) :

( text 2 ) Too tardily, Labour is seeking to shoot passion into its response to the fiscal crisis… ( line 35 )

On the textual degree, both texts have much in common in footings of cohesive devices used for accent, resistance, contrast or logical thinking, as they are markers of the argumentative text type. For illustration, oppositive, temporal and continuative concurrences used as connections between sentences relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other ( Baker M. 1992: 190 ) :

( text 1 ) But it is easier for policymakers to rail against extremely paid bankers… ( line 11 )

Other European authoritiess have, nevertheless, seen the chance to suggest tough new ordinance. ( line 23 )

And bankers are expert at contriving ways to understate revenue enhancement liabilities. ( line 36 )

( text 2 ) At least Labour now has a scheme. ( line 10 )

He spoke much of the clip in the past tense, while Lord Mandelson played with the hall… ( line 26 )

That is true, but merely adds to the demand to speak about the hereafter. ( line 33 )

In text 2 correspondence is used decidedly as a perfect cohesive device to emphasize out Labour ‘s separation from the populace ( the construction from the subject sentence of the first paragraph is repeated but filled with the new content in the last paragraph ) :

( text 2 ) ‘ … still fencings, scanners, individuality badges and armed constabulary. ‘ ( line 4 )

Siting inside its steel fencing, Labour is inquiring why it is no longer loved. ( line 46 )

Potential interlingual rendition jobs in text 1

Translating this text from English into Russian, a transcriber might see some interlingual rendition jobs, connected with specializer and culture-bound footings and collocations used in the beginning text. For illustration:

( ST ) ‘central bankers ‘ ( line 9 )

( BT ) caputs of cardinal Bankss.

In Russian the components of this economic term can non collocate and translated literally would sound incorrect, therefore the scheme of supplementation plus interlingual rendition utilizing related words is used.

Another illustration of the job connected with specializer footings:

( ST ) ‘capital militias ‘ ( line 37 )

( BT ) reserved capital

In Russian this economical term is represented in a different signifier from the grammatical point of position: the word order and the parts of address are changed. The transcriber should be careful in rendering this term accurately.

In the undermentioned illustration the term is translated literally, because it represents an exact impression, suggested by Gordon Brown:

( ST ) “ new international fiscal architecture ” ( line 21 )

In this instance the possible interlingual rendition job of non-equivalence is solved but in order to make it the transcriber has to make some research on parallel texts in the mark linguistic communication.

The interlingual rendition job can be aroused while interpreting the following slang look:

( ST ) ‘cap bankers ‘ wage ‘ ( line 13 )

( BT ) bound bankers ‘ fillips

The English conversational look is translated by the more impersonal Russian equivalent. This pick is determined by manner and registry conventions of the mark linguistic communication ; in English the usage of conversational linguistic communication in newspaper articles on serious political or economical issues is common, whereas in Russian a more formal look is stylistically more appropriate.

As Sch & A ; auml ; ffner points out, “ texts with mentions to a broad scope of cultural forms of the society in inquiry, including facets of its economic, political and legal life, require a batch of background cognition for a consistent reading ” ( 1997: 133 ) . Consequently, the interpreting cultural words and collocations may present troubles for the transcriber.

( ST ) ‘John Kenneth Galbraith ‘ ( line 4 )

( BT ) a celebrated economic expert, John Kenneth Galbraith

It is necessary to utilize the scheme of supplementation plus account, because non all the readers in the mark civilization would be familiar with this European name.

( ST ) ‘incomes policies of the seventiess ‘ ( line 34 )

( BT ) unsuccessful incomes policies of the seventiess in Britain

Translating from English into Russian it is better to stipulate the consequence of the peculiar economic steps in Britain, as the term is clearly culture-specific and needs to be explained to the mark reader.

( ST ) ‘City fillips ‘ ( line 8 )

( BT ) fillips of the City of London

Again, when this cultural mention is first met in the text it is necessary to explicate which “ City ” the writer refers to.

( ST ) ‘Financial Services Authority ‘ ( line 43 )

( BT ) Financial Services Office

The name of administration will perchance do a interlingual rendition job, particularly if the transcriber is non an expert in the field of economic sciences in the mark linguistic communication.

There might be jobs at the above word degree:

( ST ) ‘financial sector that is bloated ‘ ( line 45 )

( BT ) bloated fiscal sector

Harmonizing to Larson, “ the metaphor may be kept if the receptor linguistic communication licenses ( that is, if it sounds natural and is understood by the readers ) ” ( 1998: 279 ) . In Russian it is possible to maintain this metaphorical image. But the word should be put in the upside-down commas non to do it sound conversational in Russian.

( ST ) ‘hobble the City ‘ ( line 40 )

( BT ) cause problems for the City

In English the significance of this look is idiomatic ( to do to gimp ) . In Russian there is no idiomatic equivalent with the same significance, that is why the interlingual rendition scheme of paraphrasis is used here. Furthermore, in Russian it would be stylistically inappropriate to utilize an parlance in the text of semiformal registry published in the national newspaper. Although the transcriber should take into history the text type conventions. Thus the conversational word in the upside-down commas would be an option in the same type of argumentative text in the mark linguistic communication.

Field of specialization

Harmonizing to Desbalche ‘s communicating pyramid, texts 1 and 2 can be positioned on the degree 5, as they are produced by Renaissance mans in figure of scientific disciplines and addressed to educated, interested general populace ( 2001: 21 ) .

What makes these texts specialised is that they belong to certain specialist Fieldss and that they are marked by the usage of nomenclature specific to those Fieldss.

As it was stated earlier, the Fieldss of specialization in text 1 and 2 are different. Text 1 belongs to the field of banking which is a sub-field of concern and economic sciences. The linguistic communication of the text, as in any text of economic discourse, is really specific: it relates to other Fieldss such as political relations and history, that is why non merely specializer footings listed earlier are widely used but besides many external footings can be found:

( text 1 ) ‘populist ‘ ( line 15 ) ( historical ) , ‘policymakers ‘ ( line 11 ) ( political ) , ‘code of behavior ‘ ( line 26 ) ( legal ) , ‘statute ‘ ( line 38 ) ( political and legal ) , etc.

An copiousness of culture-bound mentions is an of import characteristic of the linguistic communication of economic sciences. The cultural, personal, historical and geographical mentions occur often in the text:

( text 1 ) ‘Gordon Brown ‘ ( line 14 ) , ‘the City ‘ ( line 40 ) , ‘the Financial Services Authority ‘ ( line 43 ) , ‘the incomes policies of the seventiess ‘ ( line 34 )

Text 2 belongs to the field of political relations. It is literary in manner ( as many other texts of the same field, particularly those of the argumentative text type ) , that is why there are legion illustrations of strong connotative and conversational linguistic communication:

( text 2 ) ‘bombast ‘ ( line 21 ) , ‘smash down ‘ ( line 5 ) , ‘fell level ‘ ( line 29 ) , ‘awful thought ‘ ( line 41 ) , ‘mutual misgiving ‘ ( line 45 ) , ‘technocratic instrument ‘ ( line 42 ) , ‘messy ‘ ( line 37 ) , ‘ingratitude ‘ ( line 18 ) , ‘fighting for their hereafter ‘ ( line 7 ) , ‘sly shots ‘ ( line 31 )

Besides the extended usage of nonliteral linguistic communication is indispensable for political texts. The linguistic communication in text 2 is marked by the usage of metaphors and metonyms adding to the consequence of emotiveness and rating:

( text 2 ) ‘two universes in one town ‘ ( line 3 ) , ‘crusade against the City ‘ ( line 39 ) ; ‘when it talks to people outdoors will it detect the reply ‘ ( line 47 ) ( about Labour ) ; ‘Lord Mandelson played with the hall… ‘ ( line 26 ) ; ‘sitting inside its steel fencing ‘ ( line 46 ) ( about Labour )

Irony as a figure of address, frequently found in political texts, is besides used here:

( text 2 ) It boils down to stating electors that they are incorrect non to thank the authorities for the good things it has done. ( line 15 )

Mr Darling enhances the authorities with a quiet dependability and he was well-bred plenty yesterday came non to indicate out that the premier curate came within hours of plundering him last June. ( line 37 )

Both texts, as they belong to language-specific Fieldss of political relations and economic sciences, consist some constructs of abstraction:

( text 1 ) ‘public rage ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘individual ‘ ( line 6 ) , ‘widespread belief ‘ ( line 8 ) , ‘issue ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘new ordinance ‘ ( line 23 ) , ‘large wagess ‘ ( line 30 )

( text 2 ) ‘apparatus ‘ ( line 4 ) , ‘strategy ‘ ( line 10 ) , ‘separation ‘ ( line 6 ) , ‘enthusiasm ‘ ( line 13 ) , ‘decency ‘ ( line 21 )

At last, text 2 can be addressed non merely to the beginning linguistic communication community, intending that it has a broad political audience in head ( Sch & A ; auml ; ffner C. 1997: 127 ) .

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