Downstream Processing Essay

Student should be able to Specify filtration. centrifugation. cell break. solvent extraction. chromatography. membrane procedure. action of force field. vaporization & A ; drying Explain briefly on the construct of each subjects stated above List out the utilizations & A ; importance of each subject stated

Introduction Each phase in the overall recovery process is strongly dependent on the history & A ; quality of the biological production procedure. Maximization of production can take to great troubles in down cyclosis and late more attending is being paid to overall procedure optimisation. E. g. maximization of merchandise flow from downstream procedure.

Fermentation parametric quantity factors impacting the DSP The location of the merchandise ( intracellular or extracellular ) will specify the initial separation stairss and purification scheme. The stableness of the merchandise defines the demand & A ; sort of pretreatment for inactivation or stabilisation. The merchandise. byproducts. drosss & A ; any add-ons to the stock ( antifoam ) may organize an interfacial bed in extraction stairss. give extremums in chromatography. block membranes in ultrafiltration and analytical equipment ; besides salts & amp ; hint elements frequently have to be removed prior to pharmaceutical usage. Alimentary medium residues ( pesticides. weedkillers. etc. )

Downstream Processing Recovery & A ; purification of biosynthetic merchandises. ( e. g. pharmaceutical. agitation broth. etc ) An indispensable measure in industry of pharmaceuticals. industrial enzymes & A ; natural spirit & A ; aromas compounds

Phases in Downstream Processing 1.

Removal of insolubles Capture merchandise as a solute in a particulatefree liquid E. g Cells separation. cell dust. particulate affair from agitation broth Operations involved are filtration. centrifugation. flocculation. electroprecipitation & A ; gravitation subsiding. Crunching. homogenisation. or leaching – for retrieving solid merchandises

Phases in Downstream Processing 2.

Product Isolation Removal of constituents whose belongingss vary markedly from the desired merchandises Reducing wet or H2O to do it concentrate E. g concentrated juice. indispensable oil Operationss involved are solvent extraction. surface assimilation. ultrafiltration & A ; precipitation

Phases in Downstream Processing 3.

Merchandise Purification To divide contaminations that resemble merchandise really closely in physical & A ; chemical belongingss Expensive to transport out & A ; necessitate sensitive & A ; sophisticated equipment Contributes important fraction of the full downstream processing outgo Affinity. size exclusion. reversed stage chromatography. crystallisation & A ; fractional precipitation

Phases in Downstream Processing 4.

Merchandise Polishing Final processing that ends with merchandise packaging Must be stable. easy movable & A ; convenient Crystallization. dehydration. freeze-drying & A ; spray drying. May include sterilisation & A ; inactivation of hint contaminations

4. 1 Filtration A technique to divide a solid-liquid suspension such as agitation stock into a concentrated usually in signifier bar & A ; a diluted or filter portion

4. 1 Filtration Principles based on the difference in geometry of the suspended solids and the geometry of the pores in a filter medium. A cake filtration is one type of filtration where the big atoms are retained while the smaller units or atoms will go through through the filter medium.

4. 1. 1Filter Media Filter medium can either be woven or filter fabric or it can besides be non woven or filter home bases and felts Important choosing filter media Cleaning processs / fouling behavior Chemical resistant Resistance to flux Durability

4. 1. 1a Types of filter media Type Metal sheets Woven cloths Non woven sheets Ceramics Plastics sheets Example Perforated sintered metal Woven wire Cloth Natural and man-made cloths Paper ( cellulose ) Glass wool Silica Alumina Synthetic membranes

4. 1. 2 Types of Filters Used Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter Employ in the filtration of barm cells and fungi Filter consists of a rotary membranophone. armored combat vehicle. a roller or threading some will necessitate a scraper

Membrane Filter Press A sequence of pierced home bases jumping with hollow frames mounted on suited supports Every home base is covered with a filter medium which usually is a fabric The solids are retained within the Chamberss while the filtrate discharges into hollows on the home base surface and following to the drain points.

Membrane Filter Press cont. . At the terminal of the filtration rhythm. the bar has to be discharged. Done by let go ofing the hydraulic force per unit area. The home bases will come apart and the bar will be removed manually from the fabric.

Membrane Filter Press Advantages Higher output Drier bar Easy bar remotion Disadvantages Cost the user a higher capital investing compares to other type of filter

4. 2 Centrifugation Use in the harvest home of cells in baker’s barm production Still the lone pick for cell separation & A ; protein recovery in agitation processes A deposit operation accelerated by centrifugal force which will shorten the abode clip Prerequisite for the separation is a difference in denseness between the stages

4. 2 Centrifugation Advantages Continuous processing of big batches Large capacity and low keep up of the machine ( short abode clip ) Sterile merchandise handling ( steam sterilisation ) Production over containment conditions

Disadvantages High capital investing High care cost Relatively high power ingestion Concentrate is a slurry. about 5 to 20 % w/w dry solids Supernatant is non free of cells. contains about 103 to 105 cells ml-1

Tubular Bowl Type The simplest type of extractor Slender form & A ; little volume it allows using a really high centrifugal force The solids have to be discharged manually while the provender or stock & A ; the clarified stock can be in batch wise or uninterrupted.

Multichamber Bowl Type Derived from the cannular type extractor Contains a figure of homocentric tubings connected in such a manner that a zigzag flow Centrifugal force is increasing outwards. smallest atoms deposited on the outmost chamber wall Frequently employed in the fractional process of human blood plasma.

Disc Stack Type Widely used in biotechnology A stack of hollow truncated cones is used in order to increase the elucidation country Spacer bars maintain the phonograph record separated with an mediate distance of 0. 4 to 2. 0 millimeter

Carafes or Scroll Type

Wholly different type of extractor Used to concentrate slurries with high dry solid concentrations A carafe consists of a revolving horizontal bowl. with a length to diameter ratio is 1:4 & A ; fitted with a prison guard conveyer The prison guard will revolve somewhat faster than the bowl

Choice of extractor Based on the Physical slurry belongingss. such as the volume of the solids in the provender The size of the atom