Untold Memories Of Hiv And Aids Manyano Leaders Theology Essay

Abstraction

Through the unwritten history attack, this survey paperss and seeks to analyze displacements in the bureau of the Manyano leaders in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS in the undermentioned clip periods: 1990 – 2000 and 2001- 2010. The two clip periods are important as they are marked with alterations in socio-economic and socio-political influences on HIV and AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. The theoretical account used to look into the pastoral bureau of the Manyano has been drawn from Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) theory of public and concealed transcripts.

Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) theoretical account guided this survey in look intoing the bureau of Manyano leaders in the undermentioned ways: steering the probing of the interviews beyond the superficial degree to bring out implicit in discourses that Scott ( 1990 ) footings as the populace, hidden and infrapolitical degree ; Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) impression of infrapolitics formed the footing of critical analysis that uncovered some of the displacements or deficiency thereof in the open bureau of the Manyano leaders in reacting to issues of HIV and AIDS in their communities during the class of the two clip periods above.

This survey revealed the Manyano leaders ‘ option for merely and liberative responses to those marginalised by HIV and AIDS. However, the survey besides revealed that elements of stigma are perpetuated by some among the Manyano leaders themselves, peculiarly in the averment of requital divinity. From the consequences of this survey, lessons have been drawn that service to lend societal and cultural cognition that critically evaluates pastoral bureau in the context HIV and AIDS in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands

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Abbreviation

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

GBV: Gender-Based Violence

Hiv: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

KZN: KwaZulu Natal

Mu: Mothers ‘ Union

Table OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION two

DEDICATION three

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS four

ABBREVIATIONS six

Table OF CONTENTS seven

Chapter 1 1

Introduction 1

1.1. Introduction 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1. Introduction

This survey is portion of a wider research undertaking undertaken by the Sinomlando Centre for Oral History and Memory Work in Africa at the School of Religion and Theology, University of KwaZulu Natal. The research undertaking seeks to document ‘An Oral History of AIDS in KwaZulu Natal, Recording the Stories of Caregivers, Community Workers and Pastoral Agents involved in the Fight against HIV/AIDS. ‘ From the three groups above, the present thesis focuses on the unwritten history of AIDS as retrieved from pastoral agents, specifically the Manyano of the Anglican Church in the KwaZulu Natal ( KZN ) Midlands from 1990-2010.

Oral history from an academic point of position paperss the narratives of societal histrions normally neglected in historical research ( Denis and Ntsimane 2008:10-12 ) . Popular historical research relies upon document-based methods of entering history that tend to be biased towards the positions of those sections of society that culturally, socially or economically influence written beginnings of history.[ 1 ]Oral history seeks to supply a infinite for those sections of society that, unlike the above mentioned influencers of written beginnings of history, may hold been marginalised from the recording of historical procedures in their ain societies to lend to the procedure of historical entering their experiences and positions ( Perks and Thomson 1998: nine ) . In amount, hence, the unwritten history attack to research seeks to make full the spreads of research by complementing document-based research of history ( Denis and Ntsimane 2008:1 ) .

In footings of methodological analysis, Denis ( 2008:3 ) describes unwritten history as a historical conversation using ‘complex interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee about events of the past. ‘ The certification of the interview is done through tape-recording and later, written text where appropriate ( Denis 2008:3 ) . The interviews procedure paperss history as subjectively experienced by persons and communities ( Perks and Thomson 1998: nine ) . It is of import to observe at this occasion that the accent of the unwritten history interview is non on the documenting of marginalised and silenced voices entirely but besides on the memories subjectively experienced by the marginalised and silenced ( Denis 2008:10 ) . From a development point of position, this is of import due to the fact that non merely are the marginalised sidelined from the certification of history as explained above ; their bureau excessively is frequently suppressed ( Freire 1970:106 ) . Hence, unwritten history interviews are designed to recover memories of the yesteryear in ways that help to mend memories of the yesteryear and potentially assist in constructing new individualities that affirm the societal bureau of the marginalised ( Denis 2008:10 ) .

Synergistic interviewing in the context of unwritten history means a focal point on the relation of memories of the interviewee as explained above but besides the engagement of the interviewee in determining the result of the interview ( Denis 2008:3 ) . This means that the interviewer does non stay inactive as the interviewee recounts events of the past. Rather, the interviewer participates in determining the narrative by presenting inquiries that facilitate the elucidation of facts or point of views and listen for responses and any other grounds for underlying information that can be farther probed ( Denis 2008:3 ) . In relation to this present survey where an probe into displacements in HIV and AIDS-related stigma shall be made, the unwritten history synergistic interview attack facilitates for the interviewer the ability to actively listen to responses for underlying information that could be farther probed ( Denis 2008:3 ) .

In the context of this survey, I will reason foremost, that documenting the unfolding history of HIV and AIDS by including the ‘forgotten ‘ but of import voices of those that have been marginalised in traditional historical recording processes enables a more comprehensive apprehension of the epidemic. HIV and AIDS is a ‘bio-medical phenomenon with societal, cultural, economic, political and religious dimensions that has become portion of South Africa ‘s cultural heritage ( Denis 2009:3 ) . As such, this survey will further seek to reason that the certification of these dimensions of HIV and AIDS in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands has besides been mostly limited to written resources ( Denis 2010:2 ) . In my statement, I will hold with the Sinomlando Centre ‘s averment that popular written beginnings record the history of HIV and AIDS from the position of society ‘s dominant histrions in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS such as authorities wellness sections, influential clergy and the leading of major NGOs ( Sinomlando Centre 2010:1 ) .

The history of HIV and AIDS can be recounted in assorted ways based on assortment of vantage points including those of societal, cultural and economic power and domination ( Sinomlando 2007:1 ) . This survey gives a discriminatory option to the vantage point of sections of society that has been and go on to be dominated socially, culturally and economically ( Sinomlando 2007:1 ) . For its ongoing survey, the Sinomlando Centre has identified three specific groups of societal agents in turn toing HIV and AIDS in the state of KwaZulu Natal, which are: ‘pastoral agents, non-governmental administration workers and health professionals ( Sinomlando Centre 2010:1 ) . ‘

Of these three, I will concentrate entirely on pastoral agents, as represented by the Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands as the focal point of this survey. Pastoral agents ‘broadly include priests, curates, sermonizers, lay agents, members of Christian adult females organisations ( Manyanos ) and African traditional leaders ( Sinomlando Centre 2007:1 ) . The Manyano ( ‘unity ‘ in isiXhosa ) are Black Christian adult females ‘s administrations that were historically founded by adult females missionaries employed by the Methodist Church, the Anglican Church and the American Board mission in order to conform African adult females to their typically European ideal of “ devout domesticity ” ( Gaitskell 1990:254 ) . To some extent they succeeded. But the African adult females transformed the Manyano motion into 1 that ‘gives the outward visual aspect of conformity with the missional constructions, but in its operation adopts forms that embracing what is relevant for their day-to-day life of battle and endurance ( Haddad 2000:268 ) . ‘

Oral historical histories of Manyano leaders are of peculiar importance because the Anglican Church in South Africa merely began to enact adult females as clergy in 1992 ( de Gruchy and de Gruchy 2005:213 ) . Traditionally hence, the historical geographic expedition of black church leaders has been focused on male clergy. This does non give a complete image of black leading in the churches, as it fails to acknowledge the function played by adult females in the churches of South Africa through Black adult females ‘s Christian organisations.Utilising the methodological analysis of unwritten history, this survey aims at documenting and critically analyzing the undocumented, hereinafter referred to as the ‘untold experiences ‘ of the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues[ 2 ]of HIV and AIDS in KwaZulu Natal.

This survey will concentrate on two clip periods, viz. , 1990 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010. The first clip period is a decennary in which the first major moving ridge of HIV infections occurred in South Africa and KwaZulu Natal in peculiar ( Denis 2010:1 ) However, issues of HIV and AIDS were non cardinal in public treatment within South Africa and the South African church during this clip period ( Denis 2006: 2-3 ) . The period of 2001 to 2010 ( Denis 2006:3-5 ) is a decennary in which issues environing stigmatization, anti-retroviral intervention and the nexus between HIV and AIDS gained more public acknowledgment and argument at national and social degrees. Many deceases occurred in this decennary as a consequence of AIDS-related unwellnesss. However, it is within this decennary that anti-retroviral therapy was rolled out ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007:129,135 ) . At the same clip, get downing in the mid-1990s, faith-based administrations ( FBOs ) provided attention and aid to those who were HIV positive ( Sinomlando Centre 2010:1 ) .

The survey will therefore seek to pull out faith-related and HIV and AIDS experiences, cognition and responses from the point of view of the Manyano leaders as pastoral agents in these two specific decennaries. Of peculiar involvement, hence, is an enquiry into the bureau that may hold been practiced and continues to be practiced by the Manyano leaders that will be the research objects of this survey, within their context of church and social hierarchy in support of those affected or infected by HIV and AIDS. Eight Manyano leaders were interviewed in the fieldwork facet of this research. Their choice, elaborate descriptions and duties within the construction of the Anglican Manyano shall be dealt with farther under the Research Methodology part of this chapter and chapter two and four.

The Midlands part is an inland geographical country within KwaZulu Natal. The KZN Midlands are E of the Drakensberg mountains and north-west of the KZN major metropolis of Durban. Urban countries within the Midlands include the provincial capital Pietermaritzburg, Howick, Hilton and Mooiriver.[ 3 ]This survey, nevertheless, chiefly pays attending to the peri-urban countries of the KZN Midlands from which the eight interviewees have been or go on to be Manyano leaders. The peri-urban countries of focal point are: Sobantu, Imbali, Mpophomeni, Edendale, Vulisaka ( Elandskop ) , Sweetwaters and Ixopo. Pietermaritzburg, though non a peri-urban country, is besides focussed upon as it is a major metropolis in the Midlands which the Manyano leaders that were interviewed have enganged with or go on to prosecute with in different ways.

1.2. Research Problem and Limitation ( and non background )

As indicated above, there is a spread in the certification of HIV and AIDS as perceived from marginalised societal agents. This survey focuses on pastoral agents ( Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the KZN Midlands ) . This survey chiefly focuses on one chief facet of the societal bureau of the Manyano leaders ; that is, to find whether insurgent bureau is eminent in the Manyano leaders ‘ experiences of HIV and AIDS in the two clip periods of 1990-2000 and 2001-2010. The key job this survey will seek to look into is: What are the historical and current worlds of HIV and AIDS as experienced by the Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands during the period 1990-2010?

Agency, in the context of this survey refers to the ability of a individual, group or community to consequence alteration in human capableness or organisational systems towards societal transmutation that opts for the marginalised in society ( Hobson ed.2003:6 ) . Pastoral bureau in the context of this essay refers to a Christian response to the demands of a context that seeks to heighten liberative societal transmutation ; this group includes priests, curates, lay agents, members of Christian adult females ‘s administrations and sermonizers from both mainline and African autochthonal churches ( Sinomlando Centre 2010:1 ) . This survey affirms the relevancy of the Manyano adult females ‘s groups as pastoral agents in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS.

This survey will use the tri-polar attack which is the interrelatedness of context, text and appropiation ( Grenholm and Patte 2005:259 ) . The societal bureau of the Manyano leaders in the clip periods outlined supra is the context. Oral history and infrapolitics are the text this survey will use undergirded by release divinity as a divinity that affirms the discriminatory option of the marginalised. The appropriation facet of the tri-polar attack in this survey is the recording of and analysis of the bureau of the Manyano leaders as pastoral agents in the history of the epidemic in KwaZulu Natal.

This will be done using an interdisciplinary position interfacing divinities of discriminatory option for the marginalised with HIV and AIDS ; and a societal scientific discipline analysis of the power kineticss of infrapolitics as they occur in societal bureau and see how they impact and challenge each other. Infrapolitics as a societal scientific discipline tool is outlined in the theoretical model section of this proposal. Therefore, through the tri-polar attack, this survey will seek to interrelate the theological point of view that stresses the discriminatory option for the marginalised, an grasp of bureau as carried out by the pastoral action of the Manyano leaders within the context of HIV and AIDS in the state of KwaZulu Natal and an analysis of how influences of power informed and impacted the bureau of the Manyano leaders.

It is hoped that this survey will do a part to the bing research resources on issues refering to societal and cultural experiences of HIV and AIDS. In add-on, this survey can lend to the authorization of the Manyano as agents of societal transmutation through easing a function for their voice to be heard at the Centre of recorded history in this field. Further, the result of this survey could be enlightening and utile as a footing for farther collaborative research in the diverse countries of unwritten history, HIV and AIDS, societal scientific discipline and divinity and in bend, contribute to turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS.

This survey does non research all the dimensions of the pastoral bureau of the Manyano leaders. Rather, as stated above, it explores whether insurgent bureau is eminent in the Manyano leaders ‘ experiences of HIV and AIDS in the two clip periods of 1990-2000 and 2001-2010. In add-on, it sheds visible radiation on the vision of liberative societal transmutation held by the Manyano leaders, irrespective of the challenges they faced between 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 arising from HIV and AIDS-related stigma from societal, political and spiritual constructions.

1.3. Literature Review and Choice of the Topic

In pulling attending to the spread in telling the history of HIV and AIDS ; I will confer with in this survey bing unwritten historical narrations as studied by Bayer and Oppenheimer in their text: Shattered Dreams? An Oral History of the South African AIDS Epidemic. Bayer and Oppenheimer ( 2007 ) papers an unwritten historical analysis of the epidemic in visible radiation of the South African 1994 passage into democracy. The survey is biased towards the lived experiences of medical practicians ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007 ) . The lived experiences of non-medical agents are non documented in the survey. The survey provides general but critical analyses of the experiences of the medical practicians by foregrounding that the 1994 passage into democracy was a positive landmark for South Africa ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007:3 ) . This landmark period, the survey argues, overlapped with the turning challenge of the HIV epidemic ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007:3 ) . HIV has since replaced apartheid as a load chiefly impacting the South African Black community ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007:3 ) . Broadly, the survey argues for the recognition of the current world of Black communities in South Africa that have been negatively impacted upon by poorness. This poorness as an result of the bequest of apartheid, combined with unaffordable drugs chiefly in the 1990-2000 period ; farther contribute to the trouble of incorporating this epidemic ( Bayer and Oppenheimer 2007:141 ) .

As argued above, the history of HIV and AIDS in written beginnings is chiefly documented from the position of society ‘s dominant histrions ( Sinomlando Centre 2006:2 ) . Whiteside ( 2008 ) in his text HIV and AIDS ; A Very Short Introduction provides a comprehensive apprehension of HIV and AIDS that is utile for this survey as it paperss relevant information. I note, nevertheless that the information in this text is based chiefly on the bio-medical point of view towards the epidemic. The text neglects the perceptual experiences and apprehension of the epidemic as subjectively experienced by populations and societal agents infected or affected by the epidemic in communities. The text does nevertheless supply critical HIV and AIDS related definitions, statistics and besides discusses the outgrowth and province of information engineering and scientific factors that form demographics in relation to HIV and AIDS and how this impacts upon members of society and productiveness. Further, Whiteside ( 2008.67 ) discusses ‘the effects of the epidemic on economic systems, production and societal reproduction ‘ , adding that ‘As the degree of focal point narrows to the community, families, and households, HIV/AIDS has clear and mensurable effects, which are worse for adult females. Of peculiar importance are the inauspicious effects on subsistence agribusiness, particularly since there are other stressors at work ( Whiteside 2008:67 ) .

Denis and Ntsimane in ‘The Absent male parents: Why do Men non Have in Stories of Families affected by HIV/AIDS ‘ provide research findings of the context of HIV and AIDS and hapless households in KwaZulu Natal ( 2005:237 ) . The findings do non cover the bureau of societal agents in the community ; nevertheless the findings introduce critical information using the method of unwritten history. Harmonizing to Denis and Ntsimane ( 2005:237 ) , ‘Thirty-three households affected by HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal were interviewed in the survey. ‘ In these households, merely 27 per cent of the male parents on a regular basis resided with their kids, or had resided with their kids if the interviews were conducted after their decease ( 2005:237 ) . The findings of the research confirm and quantify ‘on the footing of a little sample of households, what other research workers have hinted at [ that ] among the hapless, individual female parents raise most kids ( 2005:247 ) . ‘ This text confirms the function of adult females as cardinal participants in marginalised communities in the context of HIV and AIDS within the state of KwaZulu Natal. Therefore documenting their history and bureau within the context of HIV and AIDS, specifically that of the Manyano leaders that are the focal point of this survey, significantly contributes to a better apprehension of the history of the epidemic.

Concentrating on the Manyano, Ngewu ( 2004 ) in Listening to the Silent Voices of the Mothers ‘ Union: the Centenary History of the MU in the CPSA compiles the unwritten historical histories of the Mothers ‘ Union, MU, of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa. This digest affirms the being of the MU, besides known as the Manyano ; as a motion whose histories and battle with church and society have non been at the Centre through history ( Ngewu 2004: four ) . This survey does non explicitly document the history of the societal bureau of the Manyano in the context HIV and AIDS. Therefore a historic record of the Manyano response to HIV and AIDS in the state of KwaZulu Natal is a spread left unfilled in this digest. The text provides a critical apprehension of bing research done in respects to the history ( Ngewu 2004:1 ) , societal location ( Ngewu 2004:7 ) and an overall description of this motion.

An of import work which focuses on Manyano adult females in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands is Haddad ‘s ( 2000 ) academic thesis entitled ‘African Women ‘s Theologies of Survival Intersecting Faith, Feminisms, and Development. ‘ Haddad researches the live divinities of Anglican Manyano adult females of Sweetwaters and Nxamala, peri-urban countries that form portion of Vulindlela, a semi-rural territory of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Her survey argues for the bureau of the Manyano through insurgent action to their contextual worlds of religion, patriarchate and poorness. This opens up for my survey an chance to farther look into the Manyano ‘s societal bureau peculiarly that of insurgent action in the specific country of the context of HIV and AIDS KwaZulu-Natal Midlands and from the specific positions of leaders of Manyano adult females ‘s groups.

In an academic thesis entitled ‘The Catholic Response to HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal ( 1986 – 2005 ) : A Historical-Critical Approach ‘ , Joshua ( 2010 ) provides two avenues of peculiar involvement. The first is a record of bing research findings in countries similar to the 1 I intend to set about in this survey. In Joshua ‘s ( 2010 ) critical analysis of the Catholic response to HIV and AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal between 1986 and 2005, his thesis highlights the history of HIV and AIDS in my geographical part of focal point. Further, Joshua provides a historical-critical research of the theological response of the Catholic Church foregrounding the struggle, quandary and confusion that the Catholic Church in the state held towards the epidemic during the early portion of the 2000-2010 decennary ( Joshua 2010:34-35 ) . The survey provides a pertinent background to historical and theological research of the epidemic that has already been carried out in KwaZulu Natal. Second, there is besides an convergence in the clip periods of survey in this thesis and the one I intend to set about as Joshua ( 2010 ) covers 15 of the old ages, that is, 1990-2005 out of the 20 old ages in the time-periods that will be the focal point of my survey ; 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. Notably, Joshua ( 2010 ) surveies the response of the Catholic Church, which, I argue, is a cardinal histrion in social response to the epidemic as opposed to pastoral agents whose responses are every bit pertinent in the certification for a more balanced record of the history of the epidemic in KwaZulu Natal.

In Domination and the Humanistic disciplines of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Scott ( 1990 ) provides an analysis of the interaction between dominant and low-level groups in society and therefore, argues that society and humanity ‘s historical procedure ever consists of power dealingss that can ne’er be taken at face value as they involve public and concealed transcripts ( Scott 1990:13 ) . The work of pastoral agents in the history of HIV and AIDS in KwaZulu Natal is a historical procedure in which the Manyano form portion of the subsidiary groups of society. The bureau of subsidiary groups involves infrapolitics as the kingdom in which the dominated act to retain their self-respect in day-to-day life and overcome subjugation ( Scott 1990:19 ) .

The preliminary literature survey provides pertinent bing information and research findings relevant to this survey. The literature survey besides highlights a spread in the certification of the pastoral agent response to the epidemic specifically in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands is a spread that is highlighted from the literature survey. This survey will seek to lend to make fulling this spread through researching the pastoral agent response, specifically that of the Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands. Each of the texts outlined in the literature reappraisal enhance and inform the survey through: the unwritten history doctrine and methodological analysis as it relates to the epidemic ; the history of and a bio-medically comprehensive apprehension of the epidemic in the part ; the history of the Manyano and their function in South African society ; pastoral bureau and the kineticss of power in historical procedures.

1.4. Working Questions ( what I aim to inquire but may good alter ) and Aims

As established above, this survey seeks to look into the research job of: What the historical and current worlds of HIV and AIDS as experienced by the Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands are. From this research job, four working inquiries arise. First, what are the personal experiences of bureau for the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic in the period between1990 to 2000? Second, what are the personal experiences of bureau for the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic in the period between 2001 and 2010? Third, are the personal experiences of bureau for the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic different between the two clip periods? Last, what does an analysis of the Manyano leaders ‘ unwritten testimonies in these two periods contribute to a societal and cultural history of the epidemic in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands?

In replying the predating on the job inquiries, the survey will be seeking to achieve the four aims. First, to document the bureau of the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic in the period between1990 to 2000 ; secondly, to document the bureau of the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic in the period between 2001 and 2010 ; thirdly, to analyze the discernible differences in the bureau of the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic between these two clip periods ; and in conclusion, to do a societal and cultural part to the history of the epidemic by including the bureau of the Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS as an epidemic in the period between 1990 to 2000 ; and 2001 and 2010. Chapter two to chapter four of this thesis use the four aims above to steer this survey in seeking to reply the four sub-questions that address the research job.

1.5. Theoretical Model

This survey uses the conceptual model outlined by Scott ( 1990 ) in his text ; Domination and the Humanistic disciplines of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) conceptual model examines power and society through the discourses of society ‘s hidden and public kingdom ; and in the domain of infrapolitics ( the kingdom in which disguised patterns from the concealed kingdom are appropriated in the populace ) . Scott ( 1990:2-5 ) , argues that society and humanity ‘s historical procedures ever consist of power dealingss between dominant and low-level groups that can ne’er be taken at face value but involve public and concealed transcripts.

For subsidiary groups, hidden transcripts are the daily discourses of endurance and opposition towards the dominant that remain to the full acknowledged merely within the confines of the safe sites that the dominated have secured ( Scott 1990:19-20 ) . Such discourses that must be concealed include those that in a given context enable the dominated to ‘discern and to read, the existent purposes and temper of the potentially baleful power-holder ( Scott 1990:2,19-20 ) . Spoting the frequently potentially endangering existent purposes of the power-holders is critical for the dominated because this cognition informs their discourses of endurance and opposition schemes where possible ( Scott 1990:18-20 ) .

Hidden transcripts for dominant groups are the discourses that remain to the full acknowledged merely within the confines of dominant groups that safeguard and promote their hegemony and inform the plotting and planning of ideological, position and stuff hegemony necessary to keep their position quo ( Scott 1990:19-20 ) . Public transcripts are discourses that are overtly expressed and enacted which, for the dominant, may include the executing of their secret plans and programs ; and for the subsidiary, the passage of false respect and conformity to the hegemony of the dominators ( Scott 1990:18 ) .

An added of import country of discourse is infrapolitics. The infrapolitics of subsidiary groups is discourse that disguises the concealed transcript in the public kingdom through, ‘a broad assortment of low-profile signifiers of opposition that dare non speak in their ain name ( Scott 1990:19 ) . ‘ Examples of such mundane signifiers of cloaked opposition to domination include, ‘foot-dragging, chitchat, rumor, common people faith and creative activity of independent infinites of the averment of self-respect ( Scott 1990:198 ) . ‘ Infrapolitics within the broader model of domination and subordination is the discourse that is disclosed publically in disguised signifiers by the marginalised.

Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) theory of power and discourses as outlined above ushers this survey in the probe of the bureau of Manyano leaders through their unwritten history interviews. Probing fieldwork outcomes beyond the superficial degree to bring out implicit in discourses at the populace, hidden and infrapolitical degree concurs with the statement that society and humanity ‘s historical procedures ever consist of power dealingss between dominant and low-level groups that can ne’er be taken at face value but involve public and concealed transcripts Scott ( 1990:2-5 ) .

The pastoral bureau of Manyano leaders is located within a context of HIV and AIDS that has been influenced by the public transcript of the dominant. In the 1990-2000 period, the public discourse of the dominant was one in which the criticalness of issues of HIV and AIDS were for the South African authorities pushed to the fringe of its docket ( Whiteside 2008:88 ) ; and for spiritual leaders, pushed to the moral fringe ( Denis 2006:2-3 ) . This factor, this survey argues, promoted the domination through stigmatization of those populating with or affected by HIV or AIDS.

This survey will seek to reason hence, that the worlds of the 1990-2000 period necessitated pastoral agents, such as the Manyano leaders ( themselves a dominated group within church and social hierarchy ) to seek to ease a covert response to issues of HIV and AIDS within their Manyano groups and in bend, within their communities, at the degree of infrapolitics. That is, through responses to and discourses of HIV and AIDS that were disguised publically as a witting attempt to besiege opposing attending from dominant social agents.

The 2001-2010 clip period in South Africa is noted for a more public discourse of HIV and AIDS from the church and authorities. Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) conceptualization farther guides this survey in look intoing the fieldwork outcomes to determine whether the linguistic communication of the Manyano leaders in the fieldwork outcomes reveals whether they were displacements in their ability to move in the public kingdom or non between the two clip periods. Further, Scott ‘s ( 1990 ) work forms the footing on which a critical probing can be attempted to bring out the worlds of why there may or may non be displacements in the ability of the Manyano leaders to move in the public kingdom during the class of these two clip periods.

1.6. Research Methodology

As a ‘strategic model for action that serves as a span between research inquiries and the executing or execution of the research ( Terre Blanche et al 2006:2 ) ‘ , this survey will use the empirical and non-empirical elements of research in order to garner and analyze informations. The non-empirical part of this survey is literature reappraisal that will seek to capture primary informations through reading and analyzing a broad scope of bing beginnings that focus on cardinal countries of the Manyano, HIV and AIDS history in the state of KwaZulu Natal and infrapolitics.

The empirical part of this survey involves field work. The unwritten history method of research utilises the certification of persons ‘ yesteryear through the interview procedure ( Sinomlando Centre 2006:4 ) . In my field work, I have interviewed eight Manyano leaders from peri-urban KwaZulu Natal Midlands that were in leading places during at least portion of both clip periods of 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 as the research focal point. As stated in the introductory subdivision of this chapter, the eight fieldwork interviewees have been or go on to be Manyano leaders the following countries: Sobantu, Imbali, Mpophomeni, Edendale, Vulisaka ( Elandskop ) , Sweetwaters, Ixopo and Pietermaritzburg.

This survey is qualitative and will use the instance survey design. A instance survey investigates a unit to reply specific research inquiries in order to set up a scope of ‘different sorts of grounds, grounds which is at that place in the instance scene ; [ and ] no 1 sort of beginning of grounds is likely to be sufficient on its ain ( Gillham 2000:1-2 ) . ‘ The instance survey design is appropriate as this survey seeks to recover more than one Manyano leader ‘s memories of HIV and AIDS in this survey ‘s context. The systematic sampling method using the snowballing technique will be utilised in the choice of instance surveies.

The snowballing technique of research is a non-random sampling process in which the research worker selects available respondents to be included in the sample who after being surveyed, can mention the research worker to other persons who would stand for the population of concern ( Bernard and Ryan 2010:367 ) The snowballing technique is besides described as ‘the friend-of-a-friend-approach ( Terre Blanche 2007:291 ) . This technique will supply for my research an chance to seek out the informed choice of interviewees from among the peri-urban Anglican Manyano leaders of the KwaZulu Natal Midlands that meet the range of this survey ; those whose geographical location and life-experiences are typical of other Manyano leaders in run intoing the involvement focal point of this survey ( Terre Blanche 2007:139 ) . This survey utilises the informations assemblage tool of open-ended interview inquiries. Each interview was an hr long, was captured on an audio recording equipment and later transcribed for the survey in add-on to being submitted to the Sinomlando Centre for Oral History and Memory Work in Africa for file awaying intents ( see appendices ) .

Coding to place subjects for analysis will be based on the ‘theory-related stuff ‘ technique ( Bernard and Ryan 2010:62 ) . The theory-related stuff technique of coding provinces that, ‘by definition, rich narratives contain information on subjects that characterize the experience of sources, but we besides want to understand how qualitative informations illuminate inquiries of theoretical importance ( Bernard and Ryan 2010:62-63 ) . Using this technique, I will tag with highlighters subjects that indicate information and experience that respond to the theoretical positions highlighted in this survey.

The figure of proposed interviewees is eight ( 8 ) Manyano leaders of the Anglican Church in the Diocese of KwaZulu Natal. The eight must shack or hold resided in the Midlands peri-urban part within the two clip periods that are the focal point of this survey and hold some experience in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS in their communities. Permission to interview the interviewees has been sought and approved by the chaplain of the Manyano ( or Mothers ‘ Union ) at a diocesan degree. My supervisor in this survey, Dr. Beverley Haddad, is an appointed Anglican priest who has an established resonance with the Anglican Manyano chaplainship owing to her functions as a member of the clergy and academic research worker whose work includes surveies of adult females ‘s motions within the Anglican Church. Therefore, I will be introduced to the chaplain of the Manyano through Dr. Haddad and it is at this phase that the snowballing method of garnering interview respondents will get down.

Interviewees will be briefed on the interview subject ; the academic intent of the research ; the informed consent ; the clip frame of each interview and that there is no fiscal benefit for their engagement nevertheless, their cognition will profit historical research in the country of HIV and AIDS for the state. I will advise them of their right to retreat from the procedure at any point for personal grounds that may originate. In add-on, I discussed with them the Sinomlando Centre interview release understanding which declares the purpose of Sinomlando to add interview written texts that are captured in this survey to archived aggregations of the Sinomlando Centre for Oral History and Memory Work in Africa. Each interviewee will be notified of the anonym option on the interview release. Should they make up one’s mind to continue, they will be asked to subscribe the consent signifier and interview release understanding. The proposed interview inquiries ; consent signifier, Sinomlando Centre interview checklist are provided in the appendices subdivision of the survey.

1.7. Structure of the Dissertation

The content of this survey will be structured based on an lineation of six chapters that interconnect in depicting the context of HIV and AIDS in the state of KwaZulu Natal, the record of its memories by the Manyano of the Anglican Church in this state and the analysis through the impression of infrapolitics. The first chapter serves as an debut to the thesis, and will cover with the background to the survey. In add-on, this chapter will besides seek to sketch the research job and restriction, literature reappraisal and pick of the subject, working inquiries and aims ; the theoretical model, research methodological analysis, and the construction of the thesis.

The 2nd chapter describes and discusses the context of the Manyano leaders, as affected by HIV and AIDS in the state of KwaZulu Natal in the clip periods of 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 shall be discussed in this chapter. Giving attending to Ngewu ( 2004 ) , Haddad ( 2008 ) , Joshua ( 2010 ) and Whiteside ( 2008 ) this chapter defines and gives the background of the Manyano Movement in South Africa. The chapter besides defines the functions of Manyano leaders, the construction of the Anglican Manyano in KwaZulu Natal, the HIV and AIDS context of South Africa from 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 ; the HIV and AIDS context of KwaZulu Natal from 1990-2000 and 2001-2010 ; the Anglican Manyano in the context of HIV and AIDS in South Africa and the Anglican Manyano leaders as pastoral agents in the context of HIV and AIDS in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands.

The 3rd chapter will talk about the theoretical model of concealed transcripts and the bureau for subsidiary groups within the kingdom of infrapolitics with the unwritten history attack to unwritten history position to bring outing suppressed memories in the context of HIV and AIDS, giving attending to Bayer and Oppenheimer ( 2000 ) and Denis and Ntsimane ( 2005 ) and Scott ( 1990 ) .

The 4th chapter outlines the research procedure and findings. It discusses the Manyano leaders ‘ memories of HIV and AIDS from 1990-2010 that are presented in the interviews. This chapter besides brings forward option for those marginalised by HIV and AIDS in the pastoral bureau of the Manyano leaders ‘ that were interviewed for this survey.

Chapter five lineations an analysis of the survey findings as they relate to the theoretical model and the aims of the unwritten history methodological analysis. This chapter besides offers recommendations on the manner frontward in the work of Manyano leaders in turn toing issues of HIV and AIDS in the KwaZulu Natal Midlands.

Chapter six concludes the survey. It brings together the survey motive, job and aims, findings and hypothesis that insurgent bureau is eminent in the Manyano leaders ‘ experiences of HIV and AIDS in the clip periods of 1990-2000 and 2001-2010. The chapter besides presents the survey ‘s restrictions and suggestions further research subjects to make full the spreads left by the restrictions of this survey.