Treat and Identify Bipolar disorder Essay

Thesis Statement:Bipolar Disorder is a upset that roots from the cistrons and upbringing of the parents with their childs. This upset can be brought until maturity and greatly affects the societal. emotional. psychosocial life of the concerned person.

1. Introduction:

Over the centuries. governments have distinguished a assortment of psychological upsets. each characterized by its ain set of symptoms. Hippocrates devised the first system for sorting psychological upsets. which includepassion or exhilaration.melancholia or terrible depression. encephalitis or disorganized thought.In 1883 German head-shrinker Emil Kraepelin devised the first modern categorization system. uniting Hippocrates classs of passion and melancholia into a upset calledManic Depression. Today Manic Depression is calledBipolar Disorder( Hirschfeld. 1999 ) .

A Biblical narrative describes how King Saul stripped off his apparels in public. exhibited jumping turns of elation and terrible depression. and finally committed self-destruction. Though the narrative attributes his behaviour to evil liquors. psychologists might impute it to aBipolar Disorder.A Bipolar upset.is once called frenzied depression. is characterized by yearss or hebdomads of passion jumping with longer periods of major depression. typically separated by yearss or hebdomads of normal tempers.

Mania.from the Grecian term for “madness” is characterized by euphory. hyperactivity. grandiose thoughts. incoherent garrulity. unrealistic. optimism and hyperbolic self- regard. Manics are sexually. physically and financially foolhardy. They may besides overrate their ain abilities. possibly taking them to do haste concern trades or to go forth a sedentary occupation to develop for the Olympics. At some clip in their lives. about 1 per centum of grownups have a bipolar upset. which is every bit common in males and females ( Spitzer et al. . 2001 ) .

1. Discussion:

The Biopsychological Point of view:

Temper upsets have a biological footing. seemingly influenced by heredity. Identical twins have higher harmony rates for major depression and bipolar upset. Identical twins have the same familial heritage ; this provides grounds of a familial sensitivity to develop temper upsets

Some of the grounds for a familial footing of bipolar upset has been provided by a survey of the Amish community in Lancaster County. Pennsylvania. Because the Amish have a culturally and genetically isolated community. merely get marrieding among themselves. they provide an first-class chance to analyze the influence of heredity on psychological upsets.

Furthermore. there must be other mechanism for the heritage of Bipolar Disorder because other surveies of households in which Bipolar Disorder follows a familial form have failed to happen a familial marker on the 11th chromosome. The familial sensitivity to develop temper upsets may attest itself by its consequence on neurotransmitters. Major depression is related to abnormally low degrees of5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenalinein the encephalon. Serotonin seems to chair norepinephrine’s relationship to both passion and major depression. Mania is associated with a combination of low degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine and high degrees of noradrenaline ( American Psychiatric Association. 2003 )

The Psychoanalytical Point of view:

The traditional Psychoanalytical point of view holds that the loss of a parent or rejection by a parent in early childhood predisposes the individual to see depression whenever he or she suffers a personal loss. such as a occupation or a lover. late R in life. Because the Child feels it is unacceptable to show choler at the doomed or rejecting parent. the kid learns to turn anger on himself or herself. making feelings of guilt and self- abhorrence.

The Behavioral Viewpoint:

Behavioral accounts pf depression stresses the function of acquisition and environmental factors. On of the most influential behavioural theories of depression is Peter Lewinsohn’s Reinforcement theory. which assumes that down people lack the societal accomplishments needed to derive normal societal support from others and may. alternatively. aggravated negative reactions from them. For illustration. down people stimulate less smiling. fewer statements of support. more unpleasant facial looks. and more negative comments from other than do nondepressed people ( Wallace. 2000 ) .

The Humanist Point of view:

Those who favor the Humanistic point of view property depression to the defeat of self- realization. More specifically. down people suffer from incongruence between their existent ego and their ideal ego. The existent ego is the person’ subjective assessment of his or her ain qualities. The ideal ego is the person’s subjective judgement of the individual he or she would wish to go. If the existent ego has qualities that are excessively distinguishable from those of the ideal ego. the individual becomes depressed ( Wallace. 2000 ) .

Mania and the Bipolar Affective Disorders:

Before sing the symptoms of passion. we must indicate out that few persons who experience passion seem to avoid depression. Much more often an episode of passion is associated with one or more episodes of terrible depression. Because of this. when one or more episodes of passion are manifested but no depressions have been present. the person is still given a diagnosing of bipolar affectional upset. A given is made that sometime in the hereafter a major depressive episode will happen. That such a depressive episode will ever happen ( Spitzer et al. . 2001 ) .

Frenzied Behavior:

The typical marks of Mania involve a period when an person is remarkably elated and expansive. and frequently cranky when frustrated. The frenzied temper normally fluctuates over clip.

• Temper

The manic has been described as on a natural high. Mood is euphoric and cheerful. The individual frequently feels that anything is possible if merely one puts one’s head to the undertaking. Great programs are frequently made. and if these programs are disrupted by external defeat. the temper may alter to one of choler and crossness ( Wallace. 2000 ) .

• Idea

In a frenzied stage. the single hour angle san overpoweringly positive ego – image. Belief in one owns abilities are unbounded. and outlooks of success are unrealistic. Failure is blamed on others. jobs are denied and Manics frequently insist they have ne’er felt better. thought clearer. or been more powerful. As the passion becomes more marked. there may be psychotic beliefs of magniloquence: beliefs that one has particular powers or endowments. Hallucinations may happen. and normally consist of voices stating the individual that he or she ha particular mission or ability.

• Behavior

In frenzied episode. the individual’s energy seems unbounded. Often merely a few hours’ slumber is required per dark. The person may be really active. be aftering many events. taking on new responsibilities. developing new relationships. Vacations may be started merely to be broken off so that the person can return to work. There may be purchasing flings. high hazard money investings. and hyper gender.

Behaviorally. the single appears “supercharged” . Judgment is frequently impaired. Dress may go eccentric. and adult females may use their make-up in unusual and uneven ways. utilizing unusual colourss that make them look to be have oning war pigment. A noteworthy feature of frenzied behaviour is speech that is loud and rapid. as if spiting out under some internal force per unit area. The manic may attest “flight of thoughts. ” a uninterrupted watercourse of address may go disorganised. and the person may be highly distractible by environmental stimulations ( American Psychiatric Association. 2003 ) .

Bipolar Affective Disorders:

When the temper swings of the Bipolar Disorder are mild. the behaviour is calledCyclothymic Disorder.

Major Bipolar Affective Disorder:

In Bipolar upset. assorted. the manic and depressive temper and behaviours alternate. The person goes from one extreme to the other with periods of normal temper in between. It is obvious that a major characteristic of the bipolar upset is the alteration from one temper extreme to another.

III. Treatments:

Biological Treatments

• Electroconvulsive Therapy

An electric current is applied to the patient’s encephalon in order to cut down ictuss. The manifestations of the ictuss are “softened” by the usage of muscle- relaxant drugs ; and the patient is besides given a drug which consequences in unconsciousness to avoid the unpleasant and frequently awful experience of the intervention. ECT appears to be effectual with major depressions. It lifts depression quickly within yearss or hebdomads. This is advantageous when there is a program for a self-destruction. Although it has inauspicious effects like important memory damage. which may be long lasting and besides depression may repeat.

• Drug Therapy

The usage of chemical compounds to handle affectional upsets is really common. The unipolar upsets are typically treated with drugs of the tricyclic category like antidepressants which increase the handiness of

Noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft. A normally used tricyclic drug is named Elavil. Bipolar upsets are frequently treated with both tricyclic and Li. depending upon whether the person is depressed or in a frenzied stage. Once the individual’s temper has been changed by the chemical. the drug may go on to be taken for care intents.

When an single manifest a bipolar affectional upset and is in a depressive episode. the anti sedative drugs are sometimes used to raise the temper. but this sometimes precipitates a frenzied episode. The bipolar upset is most normally treated today through the disposal of lithium carbonate. Many surveies indicate that this Li salt is extremely effectual in cut downing the overdone temper of passion in approximately 80 per centum of the individuals who take it. After holding been used for passion. Li was discovered to hold some public-service corporation for the depressive episodes in bipolar upsets and in perennial unipolar upsets ( Hirschfeld. 1999 ) .

• The Psychological Approaches

Psychological attacks o the affectional upsets. including traditional psychotherapeutics and the cognitive and behavioural therapies. have focused on the unipolar depressions and particularly on the non psychotic depressions.

• Dynamic Psychotherapy

Treating terrible depression with psychotherapeutics is a hard undertaking. Such patients seldom have adequate energy to take part actively in an interpersonal interchange with a healer.

• Behavior Therapy

In malice of its high incidence. bipolar upset has received small attending from behavioural clinicians. However. if it is due to a decrease in support. one attack to the job would be to learn a patient to prosecute in activities that is more self- reinforcing. Another attack is to develop the person to act in ways that maximize the likeliness of support.

• Cognitive Therapy

The behavior therapies mentioned involve the alteration of knowledges. for illustration. the belief that one is incapacitated to alter oneself or to command the environment. It focuses on modifying the erroneous. irrational knowledges held by down persons. These individuals have predominately negative position of themselves: they are self- blaming. exaggerate external jobs. devaluate themselves. and are pessimistic about their hereafter. Cognitive therapy intervenes with this through a assortment of techniques. Therapy is structured an directive. and normally short – term. The healers used behavioural techniques. which include be aftering productive activities and scheduling potentially gratifying events. to interrupt the passion ( Wallace. 2001 ) .

Mentions:

1. American Psychiatric Association. ( 2003 ) .Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental upsets( 6^ThursdayEd. ) . Washington. DC: Writer.
2. Beck. A. T.Depression: Clinical. Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Harper and Row. Publishers.
3. Hirschfeld. R. M. A. . & A ; Cross. C. K. ( 1999 ) .Epidemiology of effectual upsets. Psychosocial hazard factors. Archivess of General Psychiatry. 39. 35-46.
4. Spitzer et Al. . ( 2001 ) .DSM-III instance book: A larning comrade to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental upsets( 5^ThursdayEd ) . Washington. District of columbia: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Wallace. E. . IV. ( 2000 ) .What is “truth” ? Some philosophical parts to psychiatric issues. American Journal of Psychiatry. 145. 137-147