Athens first intervened in a revolt, by Greek cities in Asia Minor against Persian rule, to support its kindred cities.
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Persia sent a punitive expedition to instal a puppet ruler in Athens to end such interference within its empire.
This was repelled at Marathon. Persia decided that the only way to stop this interference from mainland Greece into its empire was to incorporate mainland Greece into its empire.
The southern Greek cities including Athens resisted, and defeated the Persian invasio.
Athens then formed a league to keep the Greek cities free. After fifty years the Persians made peace, agreeing to stay away from the cities.
End Piece: Athens then opportunistically turned the league into an empire of its own.
