Not against the Greeks, who were hundreds of independent city-states spread all around the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

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Darius I of Persia vowed to exact revenge against the cities of Athens and Eretria for supporting the city of Miletus in Asia Minor – his territory. They went too far and burnt his provincial capital Sardis, which is what really focussed his ire against them.

He sent an expedition in 490 BCE against the two cities, Eretria was captured and enslaved, but it was defeated by Athens at Marathon and in front of Athens. Darius then determined to incorporate mainland Greece in his empire to stop this cross-sea meddling. He died and his son Xerxes tried to finish it off in 480 but this too failed.

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