The Globally Tourism Has Been Evolved Tourism Essay

Globally touristry has been evolved into one of the largest economic sector lending 35 % of planetary exports of services ( UNWTO, 2008 ) . The two billion USD per twenty-four hours net incomes from the touristry industry in 2006 and the 6.5 % growing in international tourer reachings per twelvemonth throughout 1950 to 2006 proved the sustainability of this sector ( ibid ) . UNWTO besides predicted 1.6 billion international tourer reachings worldwide by 2020 which shows the growing potency of touristry sector throughout the universe ( ibid ) .

There is a widespread optimism that touristry might be a powerful and good agent of both economic and societal alteration ( Wall and Mathieson, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Shah and Gupta ( 2006 ) touristry has become a important industry both in hapless and rich states due to its positive impacts on the economic system, people ‘s supports and socio-cultural development. For illustration, in Maldives, touristry contributed significantly into socio-economic development. There is an about 100 per centum of literacy and infant mortality rate went from 121 per 1000 in 1977 to 35 per 1000 in 2004. In the same period, mean life anticipation at birth increased from 47 old ages to 67 old ages ( UNDP, 2006 ) . However, some writers ( Sharpley, 1994 ; Wall and Mathieson, 2006 ) claimed that major benefits generated by touristry do non make to the poorer subdivisions of the society in developing states and moreover host states bear the environmental and societal costs.

In Pakistan, demand for tourer activities is increasing in different parts. From 1997 to 2005, the entire visitant reachings have increased from 368700 in 1996 to 798300 in 2005 ( Ministry of Tourism 2006 ) . Tourism plays an of import function in footings of GDP and employment. Harmonizing to World Tourism and Travel Council 2006 study, touristry contributed 6.3 % to GDP and 5.1 % in occupation creative activity in Pakistan ( WTTC 2006 ) .

The province of Azad Kashmir which is under control by the Pakistani authorities has a possible for touristry more than others. Harmonizing to the Azad Kashmir touristry and archeology section 2011 study, the chief tourer attractive forces topographic point in Azad Kashmir are Muzaffarabad, Rawalakot, Banjonsa and Neelam valley which attracts a figure of domestic and foreign tourers. To develop touristry industry in Azad Kashmir, the authoritiess of Azad Kashmir and Pakistan have increased the touristry development budget from 7.3 million PKR in 2005-06 to 200 million PKR in 2010-11 ( Chari et al 2011 ) .

Azad Kashmir has six territories viz. Poonch, Muzzafarabad, Sudhonati, Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber. Harmonizing to Earthquake Reconstruction & A ; Rehabilitation Authority ( ERRA ) , “ Poonch territory has a population of 411.04 1000s with an mean one-year growing rate of 2.24 % . Average family size is 7.6 and 8.00 individuals in rural and urban countries severally. The 86.84 % people are populating in rural country while urban population constituted 13.16 % of the entire population. Among employment classs the highest per centum i.e. 28.34 % belonged to skilled agricultural and piscaries, day-to-day rewards ( 22.01 % ) and services ( 13.07 % ) ( ERRA 2007 ) ”

In Poonch territory, the small towns Rawalakot and Banjonsa are celebrated for touristry. Residents of Rawalakot and Banjonsa have diverse but imperfect agencies of supports including abroad employment, concern, agriculture, domestic fowl agriculture and farm animal. In-Azad Kashmir seasonal migration for employment is really common ( ERRA 2007 ) . This means that different members in the family/local community expression for options to heighten their income. This has certain deductions on the every-day-social life on a family degree. Some family members travel to Pakistani metropoliss to acquire a occupation and increase their household income. In a sense to acquire an excess occupation chance in Rawalakot and Banjonsa instead than migrating to other metropoliss of Azad Kashmir and Pakistan, touristry is an option for the locals to better their household income.

1.2 Problem Statement

For touristry to go an of import tool for economic development in developing states, it is necessary to understand the impacts of touristry on a local community and how they can profit from it. However, Mason and Cheyne ( 2000 ) notes that most of the research on the impacts of touristry ( Lindberg and Johnson, 1996 ; Tosun, 2002 ; Alleyne and Boxil, 2003 ) has been done in the countries where touristry has already been a important subscriber to the local economic system whilst small research has been done on the tourer countries where development of touristry is in its initial phase.

In Pakistan, a small research has been done to delve out the socio-economic impacts of touristry on the local communities. To get the better of the famine of literature, this research focuses on the impacts of touristry on the local community and explores how touristry impacts on income, investing, employment. It farther centres on the issues of societal impacts, such as alterations in life style, cultural values. Faulkner and Tideswell ( 1997 ) , province that the socio-cultural impacts of touristry should be monitored continuously in order to maximise the benefits of touristry at the finish.

In Azad Kashmir, there is a important potency for touristry ( AJK, 2011 ) . The rural country of Rawalakot and Banjonsa, which were examined as a instance survey in the research, has a possible for touristry. Surveies on touristry and the impacts of this activity on local communities are really limited in Azad Kashmir. Therefore, this survey was designed to look into the socio-economic impacts of touristry activities on the local communities of the two instance survey small towns in rural country of Azad Kashmir.

1.3 Thesis Objective and Research Questions

1.3.1Thesis Objective

The chief aim of this survey is to look into the socio-economic impacts of touristry on the local communities of the two small towns including Rawalakot and Banjonsa situated in Azad Kashmir.

1.3.2 Research Questions

This thesis explores the reply of the undermentioned inquiries

What are the chief positive and negative economic impacts of touristry perceived by the local people in the studied country?

What are the chief positive and negative societal and cultural impacts of touristry perceived by the local people in the studied country?

1.4 Thesis Outline

This thesis contains six chapters and this subdivision presents a brief overview of each chapter in this thesis. The first chapter provides the treatment on a research background, job statement, research aim, research inquiries and thesis lineation. This chapter familiarizes the reader with a research issue to ease the proper analysis of findings.

The 2nd chapter outlines the survey methodological analysis. It includes an analysis of the research and a theoretical position. It contains a research paradigm with justification for utilizing a instance survey methodological analysis. It farther discusses the research method, informations analysis, reading and sum-up.

The 3rd chapter is literature reappraisal that starts with an debut including analysis of a relevant secondary informations on economic development, touristry and development, impacts of touristry, economic impacts, employment and income coevals, socio-cultural impacts, betterment of quality of life, impacts on household construction and values, impact on linguistic communication, and impacts on moral behaviour. The chapter is ended with a brief drumhead. A relevant literature is reviewed in this chapter to ease a development of an analytical model for the research to better the apprehension of touristry in Rawalakot and Banjonsa.

The 4th chapter is a instance survey which presents an overview of Azad Kashmir. It provides the history, geographics, clime, human ecology, civilization, administrative, political construction and socio-economic background. It farther discusses the other tourist musca volitanss so that the reader can acknowledge the rightness of a choice of small town Rawalakot and Banjonsa as a research scene.

The 5th chapter provides an analysis of findings sing socio-economic impacts caused by the development of touristry in Rawalakot and Banjonsa. The chapter identifies both positive and negative economic and socio-cultural impacts of touristry on the local families.

The 6th chapter provides a decision to the thesis. It gives a reappraisal of research aim and discusses the major findings. It besides identifies the part of this research to bing theory and methodological analysis.

Chapter Two: Research Approach

2.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methodological analysis employed for carry oning the research. It besides discusses the grounds for taking the research methodological analysis and research methods and how these methods helps to accomplish the research aim that is stated in chapter one. This chapter contains six subdivisions including research methodological analysis, research paradigm, research method, informations analysis, reading and sum-up.

2.2 Research Methodology – instance survey

This research is based on a instance survey of two countries celebrated for touristry in Azad Kashmir i.e. Rawalakot and Banjonsa. It is non simple to specify a instance survey as different research workers define it otherwise. Harmonizing to Robson ( 2000 ) , the instance survey is a scheme for making a research which includes an probe of specific modern-day phenomena within its existent life context utilizing the multiple beginnings of groundss. Creswell ( 2000 ) , the instance survey is an in-depth geographic expedition of the delimited system based on extended informations aggregation. Yin ( 2003 ) states that: “ A instance survey is an empirical enquiry that investigates the modern-day phenomena within its existent life context, particularly when the boundaries between phenomena and a context are non clearly apparent. ”

Harmonizing to Hartley ( 1994 ) , a instance survey could be considered as an appropriate pick when: the phenomena is a new one or small understood so far or elaborate apprehension of significance is required in a comparative research. The chief advantages of the instance survey methodological analysis are: it can implant the topic of the survey in its societal and historical context and handle it can be really utile when resources are limited ; it can offer flexibleness in the informations aggregation scheme that allows research workers to follow their research scheme as the research returns ( Veal 2006 ) .

2.3 Research Paradigm

The paradigm adopted for this survey is a qualitative research. Harmonizing to Creswell, a qualitative research is a procedure of understanding based on a diverse methodological tradition enquiry that explores a societal or human job.

Denzin and Lincoln ( 2000 ) specify the cardinal facets of a qualitative research as:

“ Qualitative research is a located activity that locates the perceiver in the worldaˆ¦ qualitative research involves an interpretative, realistic attack to the universe. This means that qualitative research workers study things in their natural scenes, trying to do a sense of or to construe a phenomena in footings of the significances of people bring to them ” .

In a qualitative research, the research workers are straight involved with a research state of affairs and the research worker every bit good, the persons involved in that state of affairs have their ain positions. The research worker ‘s chief duty is to construe the state of affairs. It is interpretative and can utilize multiple methods of enquiry. Therefore, it can be said that qualitative research is a wide attack to the survey of societal phenomena. Harmonizing to Denzin and Lincolin ( 1994 ) , “ Qualitative research involves the aggregation of a assortment of empirical materials-case survey, personal experience, introspective, life narrative, interview, observations, historical interaction and ocular texts- that describe everyday and debatable minutes and significances in single ‘s unrecorded. Consequently, qualitative research workers deploy a broad scope of interrelated methods, trusting ever to acquire a better hole on the subject-matter at manus. ”

Kelly ( 1980 ) argues that in touristry research, the qualitative paradigm enjoys more advantages: ( 1 ) as leisure is a qualitative experience so, the qualitative method corresponds to the nature of phenomena ; ( 2 ) touristry itself involves a face to confront interaction between the people and therefore qualitative research is an appropriate in look intoing such phenomena ; ( 3 ) as the people current behavior related to societal, economic and environmental fortunes are to a great extent influenced by their life histories and experiences and hence qualitative research methods may be suited in analysing alterations over clip ; ( 4 ) consequences of the survey is easy apprehensible by the people who are non to the full trained in statistics.

Based on the above statements, the research used a qualitative research paradigm to steer, roll up, construe and analyse the information.

2.4 Research Method

Research methods are the techniques or processs used to garner and analyse the informations related to some inquiries. The chief informations aggregation techniques use in qualitative research survey includes survey of paperss, questionnaires, observations, and interviews ( Blaxter et al 1997 ) .

This research used semi-structured interviews to roll up a primary information from the field. Secondary information was collected from available and relevant beginnings including research documents, studies available in a printed signifier every bit good as on cyberspace.

An interview usher was used to steer the flow of treatment and notes were besides taken by the data-collector. A recording equipment was used to enter the treatments during interviews. A digital camera was besides used to capture snap shootings of the respondents, environments etc.

2.4.1 Sampling Procedure

This survey is based on a qualitative research. Therefore to make a sample by utilizing a random or representative sampling technique might supply biased, equivocal, and irrelevant information. Mays and Pope ( 1996 ) specify the sampling for qualitative research as a method:

“ To place a specific groups of people who either possess features or live in fortunes relevant to the societal phenomena being studied. Informants are identified because they will enable geographic expedition of a peculiar facet of behaviour relevant to the research. This allows the research worker to include a broad scope of types of sources and besides to choose cardinal sources which entree to of import beginnings of cognition ” .

The data-collector uses a snow-ball sampling method instead than random trying to turn up the information-rich respondents. Snow-ball sampling is a non- chance trying method in which the data-collector attempts to happen the respondents who can give penetration and accurate information about the topic under survey. The Snow-ball sampling technique is frequently use in the state of affairss where it is hard to choose instances indiscriminately for experimental surveies or for intensive questioning affecting hard- to- locate respondents.

2.4.2 Sample Size

Sample size for any research survey depends on the purpose of research, psychological science behind the attack of geting the information and the clip and resources available to the research worker. Patton ( 2002 ) argue that in a qualitative research, the cogency and penetration generated from it is extremely dependent on the information profusion of the instance selected and experimental and analytical capablenesss of the research worker. In qualitative surveies the quality and profusion of the informations are really important and it is better to maintain a little sample size ( ( Botterill, 1989 ; Sparkes, 1994 ; Holiday, 2002 ) .

Keeping in position the above mentioned statements, the data-collector used a little sample size for this survey. A diversified sample of 28 respondents was developed in which 15 respondents belong to Rawalakot and 10 from Banjonsa small town and 3 from the authorities functionaries from touristry section.

2.4.3 Semi-Structured Interview

It is a type of qualitative interview. Harmonizing to Patton ( 2002 ) : “ Qualitative interviewing begins with the premise that the position of others is important, cognizable, and able to be made expressed. We interview to happen out what is in and on person else ‘s head, to garner their narratives ” . Byrne ( 2006 ) is of the position that qualitative interviewing is a really utile method for measuring person ‘s attitudes. He besides argues that open-ended inquiries by and large get more self-generated responses than closed inquiries can ease the research worker in acquiring interviewee ‘s position, readings of events, apprehensions, experiences and sentiments. He farther claims that a qualitative interviewing tends to be really flexible which makes the interviewee to talk their ain voice and with their ain linguistic communication that sometimes makes complex issues easier to calculate out. It can besides assist in an in-depth analysis and perceiving of complexness of issues that might non be possible with other attacks like a study.

Corbetta ( 2003 ) identifies three types of qualitative interviews: structured, semi-structured and unstructured. Semi-structured interview is a type of qualitative method. In the word of Lofland ( 1984 ) : “ semi-structured is a qualitative method that involves open-ended, comparatively unstructured inquiring in which the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the interviewee ‘s feelings, experiences and perceptual experiences ” .

To analyze and analyse the socio economic issues are complex. Structured interviews of roll uping information might lose some information as the respondents may experience directed by the attack itself, ensuing prejudice in the responses and that sometimes mislead the reading. For this research, the information was collected about how the people experience socio-economic alterations and describe, feel and do sense of it. Therefore, the interviewer considered a semi-structured interview as an appropriate tool for roll uping the field informations. Patton ( 2002 ) statement besides reinforces this as “ one must set about in-depth interviews with people who have straight experienced the phenomena of involvement ; that is, they have “ lived experience ” as opposed to “ second-hand experience ” .

In this research a sum of 28 respondents were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in two stages. In first stage, 25 interviews were conducted with the respondents from conveyance sector, grocery stores, junior-grade bargainers, circuit operators, handcraft stores from both the instance survey countries. The chief subjects covered in these interviews were: socio-economic benefits they are acquiring, the impacts of touristry activities on their supports etc.

Table 2.1: Respondent Matrix

Type of Respondent

Population

Male

Female

Entire

from conveyance sector, grocery stores, junior-grade bargainers, circuit operators, handcraft stores

Rawalakot

12

3

15

Banjonsa

8

2

10

Government Official

2

1

3

Beginning: Developed by Writer

In 2nd stage, 3 interviews were conducted with employee of authorities functionaries who were responsible for operating and modulating touristry activities. The chief subjects covered during these interviews were: authorities policies and process sing touristry, socio economic impacts of touristry on local community ‘s support.

2.4.4 Ethical Considerations

When it comes to debate moralss in societal research there are four issues formulated by Diener and Crandall ( 1978 ) ; whether there is a deficiency of informed consent, whether there is injury to participants, whether there is an incursion of privateness and whether misrepresentation is involved ( Diener and Crandall 1978 cited in Bryman 2004 ) . The research on socio-economic impacts of touristry on the rural people of Azad Kashmir at family degree was conducted sing the above mentioned ethical issues. The interviewer started the interview with a brief debut about himself, the research, its intent and the importance of the respondent ‘s part. Anterior consents were besides taken for audio recording and taking exposure.

2.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data analysis and reading are the procedure of delegating intending to the collected information and finding the significance, decisions and deductions of the findings. Different types of informations need different attacks to be analyzed. Wolcott ( 2001 ) claims that due to the diverseness and complexness of qualitative methods and the single positions of concerned people, there is no individual expression for analysis. The data-collector used an inductive procedure to analyse the information. Transcription of informations from audio tapes was the first measure of informations analysis. The interviewer carefully listened to all the conversation with respondents taken topographic point during interviews and transcribed it into English linguistic communication as notes. After written text, all the information was categorized in footings of subjects and contents. After analysis, a construction was given to transcribe information by spliting it into subjects and sub-topics.

An reading is an account of the significance of some objects of involvement. It besides refers to making thoughts more comprehendible and may show one ‘s ain apprehension of things, for case, a work of art, a societal phenomena, or a piece of literature ( Rahman 2010 ) . To explicate the importance of reading Riessman ( 1993:2 ) provinces: “ nature and the universe does non state narratives, people do, and reading is inevitable because narrations are representations. ” The research worker pointed out a existent life instance developed from the respondents work added world and in the procedure of reading. All the readings in the research are based on ideas about the respondent ‘s perceptual experiences.

2.6 Drumhead

This chapter presented the research methodological analysis adopted for carry oning the research. The research methodological analysis is based on a instance survey attack. The research survey is qualitative and the tool used for informations aggregation was semi-structured interview technique. Snow-ball sampling technique was used to develop a sample of 28 respondents for the research. The secondary information was besides collected from the authorities functionary studies and literature available on the cyberspace. An inductive procedure was used for informations analysis and reading.

Chapter Three: Literature Reappraisal

3.1 Introduction

“ The survey of touristry is the survey of people off from their usual home ground, of the constitutions which responds to the demands of travellers, and of impacts that they have on the economic, environmental and societal wellbeing of their host ( Wall and Mathieson, 2006 ) . ”

The chief focal point of this research survey is to measure the socio-economic impacts of touristry on a local community. The research conducted a comprehensive literature survey to understand the jobs and develop a theoretical position on the research inquiries.

– This chapter illustrates the reappraisal of literature on economic development, touristry and development, impacts of touristry, economic impacts, employment and income coevals, socio-cultural impacts, betterment of quality of life, impacts on household construction and values, impacts on linguistic communication, and impacts on moral behaviour. The chapter is ended with a brief drumhead.

3.2 The Concept of Economic Development

The term economic development is complex and hard to specify in across-the-board mode. In development literature, research workers have put forwarded several definitions of economic development. Initially, the economic development has been defined in footings of Western manner modernisation achieved through the economic growing ( Red Clift, 1987 ) . As per Western position, the development was believed to be achieved through a mass production, capital investing and more economy. The excess end product was expected to ensue in increased net income. The increased net income or growing was assumed ; it would necessarily and finally dribble down to the population as a whole. But this premise has ne’er materialized, as in most underdeveloped states, the benefits of the development is enjoyed by the elect subdivisions of population, the larger population does non hold entree and right to bask these benefits. The president of World Bank Mr. McNamara stated:

“ aˆ¦aˆ¦..despite a decennary of unprecedented addition in the GNP of the development states, the poorest sections of their population has received really small benefits ( McNamara: 1972 ) ” .

The International Commission on International Development Issue ( ICIDI ) besides criticized the economic growing theoretical account of development. ICIDI ( 1980 ) stated that “ the universe development is non simply an economic processaˆ¦ . Statistical measurings of growing exclude the important elements of societal public assistance, of single rights, of values non measured by money. ”

Celebrated economic expert Kosnetz ( 1972 ) argued that mensurating the development entirely with the indexs of gross per-capita income is unsound hiding concrete worlds. Harmonizing to him, increased GNP brought many of the societal and economic jobs such as inequality and unemployment in most of the developing states.

During 1970s, a new construct of development emerged, where development was conceived as a province of homo ‘s well being instead than as the province of the national income. Decrease of poorness, creative activity of occupations to turn to unemployment, decrease of the inequality between rich and hapless and autonomy were considered the chief aims of the development. Todaro ( 1989 ) is of the position that development is a multi-dimensional procedure affecting non merely the betterments end product and incomes but besides a extremist alterations in institutional, societal and administrative constructions, attitudes, imposts and beliefs. Harmonizing to Todaro ( 1989 ) , the chief aim of the development is a-

“ multidimensional procedure affecting a major alteration in societal constructions, popular attitudes, and national establishments, every bit good as the acceleration of economic growing, the decrease of inequality, and the obliteration of absolute poorness. Development in its kernel, must stand for the whole gamut of alteration by which an full societal system, turned to the diverse basic demands and desires of single and societal groups within that system, moves off from a status of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory and towards a state of affairs or status of life regarded as materially and spiritually better. ”

Development, therefore, is non defined in footings of economic growing ( GNP/GDP ) but is seen as a societal development, with accent on just distribution, freedom of look and qualitative facets of life.

3.3 Tourism and Development

Tourism is a tool for economic development, specifically in the underdeveloped universe. Tourism has helped many developing states to travel off from a dependence on agribusiness and fabrication ( Tooman, 1997 ) . World Tourism and Travel Council ( 2008 ) predicts a steady growing for the universe travel and touristry between 2009 and 2018, with mean growing of 4.4 % per annum over the period, back uping 297 million occupations and 10.5 % of planetary GDP by 2018. Tourism provides a foreign exchange, increases employment, attracts foreign and domestic private capitals for development and promotes economic independency ( Britton, 1982 ) . United Nation World Tourism Organization ( 2002 ) argues that touristry can take to economic growing and economic development through its possible for occupation creative activity, linkages with the local economic system, foreign exchange net incomes and its multiplier consequence. Wall and Mathieson ( 2006 ) argued that, in developing states, a transmutation from a traditional agricultural economic system to an industrial economic system is required for modernisation and economic development. Such transmutation demands a immense capital and foreign net incomes and this has encouraged authoritiess in the development states to handle touristry as a agency of bring forthing fiscal resources required for economic development. Tourism, for illustration, has been a few growing industries in the Caribbean, and for several has become the major beginning of difficult currency incomes, accounting for 50 to 70 per centum of the part ‘s foreign exchange net incomes ( Shurland, 1998 ) .

The part of touristry to the fiscal growing of a state has non escaped unfavorable judgment. Although touristry seems to be adding well to the economic development of many of these countries, but several developing states are non acquiring ample benefits from touristry industry. Pleumarom ( 1999 ) identifies that more than two-thirds of the gross from international touristry ne’er reaches to the local economic system because of high foreign exchange escape. Escape refers to the sum of money that leaves an economic system to import goods and services needed for the touristry enlargement. For case, stuffs and resources imported from other state to build touristry substructure, people brought to busy touristry places, and supplies purchased elsewhere to provide to the specific demands of tourers are all illustrations of escape ( Vaugeois, ) . Torres and Momsen ( 2005 ) argue that growing of touristry increased dependence on foreign imports which in bend compete with the development of local agribusiness and little industry. In developing states, benefits of touristry frequently do non make the local people, as the king of beasts ‘s portion of the benefits are transmitted to big trans-national companies, non-local enterprisers and national authoritiess ( Bryden, 1973 ; Britton, 1991 ; Mowforth and Munt, 1998 ) . Whether touristry is advantageous or disadvantageous for the economic growing of a state, depends on the graduated table of a touristry demand, the construction of the touristry industry and the form of the economic system.

3.4 Impacts of Tourism

Since late 1970 ‘s, many impact surveies of touristry has been conducted ( Lankford et al. , 1997 ; Mason and Cheyne, 2000 ; Tosun, 2002 ; Gursoy and Rutherford, 2004 ; Sebastian and Rajagopalan, 2009 ) . The chief focal point of these research surveies were on economic impacts while small work has been done to asses a societal and environmental impacts of the finish states. The touristry impacts can be positive or negative on tourers and the host finish. The survey has chiefly focused on economic and socio-cultural impacts of the studied country. The undermentioned subdivision is about a elaborate reappraisal of literature sing economic and socio-cultural impacts of touristry.

3.4.1 Economic Impacts

Many research surveies have shown that touristry has a major impact on the economic systems of the finish states. Assorted touristry research workers ( McIntosh and Goeldner, 1984 ; Dincer and Ertugral, 2003 ; Torres and Momsen, 2005 ) studied the economic impacts of the touristry industry. Some research worker argued that touristry contributes to income and improved criterion of life ( ( Liu and Var, 1986 ; Milman and Pizam, 1988 ; Caneday and Zeiger, 1991 ) ; some ( Ross, 1992 ; Sebastian and Rajagopalan, 2009 ) claim that it creates employment chances ; some ( Brougham and Butler, 1981 ; Milman and Pizam, 1988 ) place that it increases revenue enhancement grosss. The chief economic impacts of touristry relates to coevals of income and employment, foreign exchange net incomes, part to authorities grosss etc. Harmonizing to Cater ( 1987:202 ) , “ for developing states, touristry seems to be an attractive proposition in gaining much needed foreign currency. Tourism has stimulated employment and investing, modified land usage and economic construction, and made a positive part to the balance of payment ” .

Some research workers ( Shivji, 1973 ; Torres and Momsen, 2005 ) are of the position that economic impact of the touristry besides brings some negative effects to the tourer finish. Torres and Momsen ( 2005:261 ) provinces: “ touristry growing, more typically, consequences in increased dependence on foreign imports which, in bend, vie with or suppress the development of a local agribusiness and little industry, while besides run outing a cherished foreign exchange militias ” . In developing states the benefits are chiefly accrued by multi-national companies, not local entrepreneurial elites, and national authoritiess and the local dwellers are normally by-passes ( Britton, 1991 ; Mowforth and Munt, 1998 ) . The chief economic impacts created by touristry are discussed below.

3.4.1.1 Employment and income coevals

Tourism industry generates employment in three ways: direct, indirect and induced. Furthermore, the touristry industry by and large requires unskilled and semi-skilled work force than other industries. Many less developed states do non hold skilled work force and for these states touristry can supply employment chances. In developing states the exile normally occupy the direction places while the local people normally involved in a low paid occupations.

Lea ( 1988 ) stated that a high income from touristry sector does non make proportionally more occupations. He besides said that local people ‘s accomplishment and cognition have an consequence on touristry employment. He furthers stated that touristry has a small consequence in cut downing unemployment because it really enroll employee from other sectors or make parttime occupations and most of the touristry related occupations are seasonal or demand-based. Nathan birnbaums and Holden ( 1995 ) are of the position that employment form in touristry may conflict with the traditional and cultural forms. For case, a shift-based work at dark might make negative attitudes amongst the employees and the traditional cultural value system besides might non accept this. They besides identify the undermentioned features of touristry related occupations.

In the touristry sector, the chief demand is for semi or unskilled occupations ( ibid ) . Most of the occupations are on a seasonal footing and this may impact employee ‘s calling and ego development. In many states, touristry employees do non hold any trade brotherhood to stand for themselves. It is non the lone true for developing states, but sometimes it is besides the instance for developed states.

It is apparent from the above treatment that most of the touristry employees are unskilled and semi-skilled. Due to the deficiency of skilled labour in tourer finish forces, local enterprisers recruit skilled and trained individuals from other metropoliss and they get higher places and more fiscal benefits. The low paid occupations normally left for the local people. Harrison ( 1992 ) besides says that in developing states, the elite, who normally promote touristry concerns, normally enjoys the major part of benefits generated by touristry. These state of affairss restrict the local community ‘s ability to maximise the benefits from touristry ( Long, 1991 ; Inskeep and Kallenberger, 1992 ; Tosun and Jenkins, 1996 ) . This impression is besides confirmed by a Woodley ( 1993 ) statement:

“ Without a trained local work force, the industry can merely work by importing staff, in which instance the rule of guaranting local benefits from touristry is thwarted ” .

However, some recent surveies show that some states are seeking to develop the skilled employees for touristry industry. For case, in Turkey hotels and heritage tourer constitutions prefer to use the qualified employees, i.e. with at least keeping an undergraduate grade in a touristry related capable ( Dincer & A ; Ertugral 2003 ) .

The chief statement for investings in touristry industry in less developed states is that it generates employment chances for the local community and enhances their income. For illustration, in Pennsylvania, a athletics, fishing and angler wildlife-watching activities create more than 43,000 occupations ( Upneja, et al 2001 ) . Bratek, et Al ( 2007 ) finds that the local population in Sarawak part in Malaysia preferred a touristry occupation over agricultural work because of its ability to bring forth immediate hard currency benefits.

But Bull ( 1995 ) argues that the benefits of touristry are non equally distributed peculiarly in less developed states. He finds that in Least Developed Countries ( LDC ‘s ) , touristry creates more occupations but non ever with high rewards. Cukier ( 2002 ) makes six generalisations about the relationship between touristry and employment in developing states. Initially, there is a positive correlativity between income and employment coevals with touristry development. Second, coevals of employment depends on the type of touristry merchandise. Some types of plants in this industry are labour intensive while some others are capital intensive. Third, early phases of the development of touristry created more occupations for unskilled or semi-skilled workers. Fourthly, although managerial places frequently go to exiles, employment in the touristry industry is attractive to locals due to low wage in other sectors of the economic system. Fifthly, although most of the employment in touristry may be seasonal or parttime, workers may gain adequate money during the extremum season which compensates their low income during the low season. Finally, development of touristry creates employment chances for adult females who antecedently may non hold had the chance to work within a formal sector.

One of import facet of employment created by a touristry sector is the gender prejudice between the male and female. Harmonizing to Shaw and Willams ( 1994 ) , “ the work of adult females is frequently regarded as inferior or unskilled, merely because it is undertaken by adult females ” . Sinclair ( 1997 ) states that in touristry concern most employees are adult females and they normally occupy low paid, parttime and seasonal places ; while most of the managerial places are occupied by work forces. As in developing states, employment chances for adult females are really rare therefore, they ever try to avail the occupation chances generated by touristry to heighten their living criterion. Dwyer ( 2000 ) finds that the touristry industry in Andhra Pradesh played a really of import function as a beginning of employment for adult females. Pandey ( 2006 ) besides finds that touristry in Jodhpur has benefited the local community by supplying employment, particularly employment for adult females. Shah and Gupta ( 2000 ) find that in Nepal about 20 % of touristry related occupations were occupied by adult females. Additionally, Wall and Mathieson ( 2006 ) argue those adult females who are working in the touristry sector in developing states earn higher incomes and derive more independency within their families through new employment chances within a touristry. But on the other manus Cater ( 1987 ) says that the “ positive effects of increasing employment in services in certain cases may be more than offset by a offseting negative impacts of syphoning off labour from the agribusiness sector, particularly at the times of a peak demand ” . Pandey ( 2006 ) is of the position that mountain communities in India increased their net incomes by working touristry demand in their vicinities through supplying adjustment, nutrient, handcrafts and conveyance. The local community increased their net incomes but at the disbursals of some of their traditional agricultural activities.

3.4.2 Socio- cultural Impacts

Compared to the economic impacts, really small research has been done to measure the socio-cultural impacts of touristry development on the local communities. Tourism activities doing positive or negative impacts on local communities must be considered and addressed for the long-run sustainable development of the industry. Pizam and Milman ( 1984 ) specify socio-cultural impacts as:

“ the ways in which the touristry is lending to alterations in single behaviour, value systems, moral behavior, household relationships, corporate life styles, , originative looks, community organisations and traditional ceremonials. ”

The impact of the development of touristry on the societal life can be positive every bit good as negative. Pizam and Milman ( 1984 ) place some different classs of societal and cultural impacts: impact on population construction ; transmutation of signifiers and types of businesss ; transmutation of values ; influence on traditional life manner ; and alteration of ingestion forms and benefits of tourers. Some research workers besides address the societal impacts of touristry on host communities including the impacts on diversion chances ( Ross, 1992 ; Lankford, et Al. 1997 ) ; offenses ( Haralambopoulos and Pizam 1996 ) ; traffic congestion ( Liu et al. , 1987 ) ; alterations in jurisprudence and societal order ( Travis, 1984 ) ; harlotry and kid beggary ( Besculides, et Al. 2002 ; Pandey, 2006 ) .

3.4.2.1 Improvement of quality of life

It is discussed earlier that touristry generates employment and hence enhances the people ‘s income in the finish communities. The coevals of employment and income in bend brings the economic benefits to the local people and therefore improves the populating criterion by supplying modern installations in the signifier of goods and services. For illustration, in Maldives touristry is the top subscriber to GDP. Fifty-seven per centum of full employment or one in every 1.7 businesss is produced by touristry. Tourism has been the cardinal beginning of foreign exchange net incomes and revenue enhancement gross for many old ages. This has facilitated the authorities to delegate fiscal resources for bettering the instruction and wellness conditions. There is an about 100 per centum of literacy and infant mortality rate went from 121 per 1000 in 1977 to 35 per 1000 in 2004. In the same period, mean life anticipation at birth increased from 47 old ages to 67 old ages ( UNDP, 2006 ) . Suntikul ( 2007 ) finds that money earned from touristry has already had a positive consequence on the small town population of Ban Nalan, Laos, where a good sum of touristry gross is used to give the villagers a supply of clean H2O. Development of touristry non merely creates a occupation chances for the local communities but besides creates a new enterprisers in the local communities. It creates a new avenue for the local persons who have entrepreneurial accomplishments and who can do a life in the touristry concern. Sebastian, Telfer and Wall ( 1996 ) provide grounds of a local husbandman in Indonesia, who used to provide agricultural merchandises to the tourer hotels and his place was one of the most elaborate houses in his small town. In a survey of the socio-economic impact of touristry on common people creative persons and craftsmans in two provinces, Kerala and Rajasthan, it finds that more than 90 % of the craftsman ‘s income comes from tourist-related activities and this help them to derive entree to a higher instruction and better criterions of life.

3.4.2.2 Impacts on Family Structure and Values

One of the major societal impacts of touristry is the alteration in household construction and a value system of the host communities. Harmonizing to Hashimoto ( 2002 ) , touristry concerns appear to prefer utilizing the feminine touch thereby giving the adult females an chance to work in this industry. In developing states, the adult females earn more than their male opposite numbers as they work in the traditional sort of occupations that offer less gaining power than the touristry industry. This state of affairs allows the adult females to derive economic and societal authorization and do them able to play an active and decisive function in her household and society which finally lead to alterations in a household construction and the power construction in a society. Peck and Lepie ( 1989 ) finds that the development of touristry besides tends to alter the composing of the household within a society. They argue that touristry is responsible for the alteration of a household size largely increasing atomic household construction. De Kadt ( 1979 ) argues that, in traditional societies the younger coevals depends on their seniors sing economic issues but touristry has offered the immature more moneymaking earning chances and gave them economic freedom. Although this economic independency of adult females and the immature aid to diminish their dependance on their seniors, it might consequence affinity, community bonds and coherence.

3.4.2.3 Impacts on Language

Language can be treated as one of the most of import indexs to mensurate the socio-cultural impacts of touristry. White ( 1974 ) identifies three ways in which touristry can take to a linguistic communication alteration: I through economic alteration where immigrant workers speak their ain linguistic communication ; ii through the presentation consequence where locals want to copy the tourer ‘s linguistic communication, and iii through societal contact that engages direct communicating between tourers and the host community. Host communities ever try to follow a tourer linguistic communication to fulfill the tourer demands. Cohen and Cooper ( 1986 ) argue that interactions between tourers and the host communities are besides a contemplation of power relationship. Normally tourists from developed states do non desire to talk the local linguistic communication. Sebastian and Rajagopalan ( 2009 ) find that in Kerala ( India ) , local communities enhance their foreign linguistic communication accomplishments to pass on with tourers. However, touristry can non be blame as a exclusive factor in conveying alterations in linguistic communication of local communities. Factors like development of communicating substructure, entree to overseas telegram telecasting and internet entree influences the local communities to alter their linguistic communication.

3.4.2.4 Impacts on Moral Behavior

The chief moral issues related to touristry impacts are harlotry, sex touristry, offense and gaming ( Shaw and Williams, 1994 ; Harper, 2001 ; and Leung, 2003 ) . Different states of the universe such as Thailand and Philippines use sex touristry to pull the tourers to gain ample foreign exchange net incomes. For illustration, Hall ( 1996 ) points out that the Thai authorities has taken favourable stairss to advance sex touristry in Thailand. Pandey ( 2006 ) finds that sex touristry in the rural country of the province of Kerala in India is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Pandey ( 2006 ) besides notes other negative impacts of touristry in rural India, as bit by bit villagers are altering their traditional manner of frock and males of the small towns who encounter foreign tourers develop sexual relationships and may go irresponsible towards their household. However, on the other side, Lea ( 1988 ) claims that it is hard to happen grounds about the function of touristry to advance harlotry. For illustration, high degrees of harlotry are at that place in Nigeria which possesses low degrees of touristry engagement. Harmonizing to Opperman ( 1999 ) , sex touristry is non merely a affair of pecuniary exchange ; instead it should be viewed from a multi dimensional position. Haralambopoulos and Pizam ( 1996 ) say that a offense should be considered as an outwardness of the development of touristry. But Mathieson and Wall ( 1982 ) and Ryan ( 1993 ) show a positive relationship between the addition in offense and the development of touristry. Wall and Mathieson ( 2006 ) place that the happening of offense depends on factors such as condemnable activity in the country, the phase of development of the finish country and the propinquity of a tourer zone. However, Ryan ( 1993 ) claims that tourer frequently generate chances for a condemnable activity. Chesney-Lind and Lind ( 1985 ) place that in developing states, important differences exist between the income of the hosts and the invitees besides taking to an increased defeat in the host community that sometimes might ensue in offense.

Gambling has been considered as one of the of import tourer attractive forces peculiarly in developed states to gain ample revenue enhancement grosss ( Meyer-Arendt and Hartmann, 1998 ; Hsu, 1999 ) . Therefore, public and private sectors in USA and Canada use this industry to advance touristry in their local country. Stokowski ( 1998 ) claims that the casino industry generates 21 % of direct income for Atlantic City and 28 % of its direct employment. Kang, Long and Perdue ( 1996 ) , claim that chancing makes economic and societal alterations in communities and changes the image of the finish.

Therefore it can be said that policy shapers must see the societal and image costs of chancing before ciphering its economic benefits and should non disregard its long term societal and cultural costs in favour of the immediate economic additions.

3.5 Drumhead

This chapter presented some theoretical positions on the research subject. At the start, the construct of economic development was define and discussed. Then the function of touristry in development was presented. After that a elaborate literature reappraisal on the function of touristry in socio-economic development was presented. The chief economic impacts of touristry on finish countries include employment creative activity, the foreign exchange net incomes, and investing. On the other manus the chief socio-cultural impacts of touristry are in the signifier of betterment in quality of life, impacts on household construction and values, linguistic communication and moral behaviour are presented.

Chapter Four: Case Study

4.1 Introduction: An Overview of Azad Kashmir

This research is conducted in Azad Kashmir and the informations are collected from Rawalakot and Banjonsa as this is the instance survey country. This is why in this chapter an overview of Azad Kashmir is presented to allow the reader be acquainted with the context of research. Researcher discusses the history, geographics, clime, human ecology, civilization, administrative and a political construction, economic system, and employment in subdivision 4.2. Section 4.3 discusses the tourer attractive forces in Azad Kashmir, touristry in Azad Kashmir, touristry policies in Azad Kashmir and Azad Kashmir Tourism and Archeology Department Section 4.4 includes an overview of the Rawalakot and Banjonsa supplying its socio-economic background, and development of touristry in this country. The chapter is ended with a brief drumhead.

4.2 Azad Kashmir at a Glance

In this subdivision, a precise information on cardinal dimensions of Azad Kashmir is given to do the reader understands the context of this research.

After the divider of Sub-Continent in 1947, the ex-princely States were given the option of fall ining either Pakistan or India. However, Hari Singh, the former male monarch ( Maharaja ) of Jammu and Kashmir wanted Jammu and Kashmir to stay autonomous. To acquire some clip, he signed a standstill understanding which sidestepped the understanding that each princely State would fall in either Pakistan or India. In position of historical, spiritual and geographical links the people of Jammu and Kashmir ( a former State ) demanded freedom, alternatively, entered an doomed confederacy with the Hindu leading and agreed with India. This flashed the freedom motion of the Muslim population of the State against the Dogra ( a former Hindu leader ) and Indian forces in Jammu and Kashmir. As a consequence of this release motion, a portion of the State was liberated from the Dogra domination in 1947 which is called Azad Kashmir ( Khan M.A, 2011 ) .

4.2.2 Geography and Climate

The province of Azad Kashmir is located at 73.26 to 80.30 longitudes and 32.37 to 36.58 latitudes. It lies in the center of the Asiatic subcontinent. Geographically, historically and culturally, Azad Kashmir is a portion of Central Asia. Azad Kashmir boundary lines with four large provinces. China and Tajikistan lies on the North of Azad Kashmir and India and Pakistan lies on the South.

Fig 4.1: Map of Azad Kashmir

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The country of Azad Kashmir is 13297 square kilometres ( 5134 square stat mis ) .The province is a land of rivers crisscrossed throughout the mountains ; the chief rivers are Jhelum, Neelum and Poonch. The northern portion of Azad Kashmir encompasses the lower part of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh-Peak ( 4,734 metres ) . However, Serawali-Peak ( 6326 metres ) in Neelum Valley is the highest extremum in the State. Mountainous vales, fertile and verdure are the features of Azad Kashmir ‘s topography, doing it one of the most beautiful parts in the sub-continent ( Saeed Asad M, 2009 ) .

The clime of Azad Kashmir is Sub-tropical upland type. The part receives rainfall both in summer and winter season. The country of Azad-Patan and Muzaffarabad ( a Capital City ) are among the wettest countries of Azad Kashmir. All over most of the parts, the mean rainfall exceeds ( 1400 millimeter ) with the highest mean rainfall happening near Muzaffarabad about ( 1800 millimeter ) . In summer season, monsoon inundations of the river Neelum and Jhelum are common due to the extreme snow runing and rains ( AJK, 2011 ) .

4.2.3 Demography and Culture

Harmonizing to “ 2012 population nose count study ” , Azad Kashmir has a entire population of 3.963 million ( Census Report, 2012 ) . The population contains 50.18 % male and 49.82 % females. About 99.9 % population comprises of Muslims. Largely the population lives in small towns and these small towns are located on the mountains and foot-hills. The Rural: Urban population ratio is 88:12. Average household size is estimated at 6.7 members. Literacy rate which was 55 % in 1998 nose count has now increased to 64 % ( ibid ) . Azad Kashmir is a absorbing land of civilization, people and linguistic communications. The texture of a present population is comprised of races claiming their descent from Mongoloid, Aryans, Semitic, Persians, Turk and Arabs. The people of territories Mirpur, Bhimber and Kotli are simple, true, hardy and profoundly attached to their land. The civilization of these countries largely resembles to that of the bordering country of Punjab ( Pakistani Province ) . The cultural activities are Kashmiri dance at the particular occasions, classical music, poesy, marionette shows and unfastened festivals.

The people of territories Bagh, Haveli, Poonch and Sudhanoti are adventure loving and there are legion anecdotes of their nonpareil bravery every bit good as animating forfeits for freedom. While the Muzaffarabad territory ( a Capital City ) has its ain typical civilization ( AJK, 2011 ) .

4.2.4 Administrative and Political Structure

Azad Kashmir is a autonomous province under the control of Pakistani disposal, but under the fundamental law of Pakistan the province is non a portion of it ( AJK Introduction, 2007 ) . Azad Kashmir has its ain elected Prime curate, President, legislative assembly and official flag. The Pakistani authorities has non yet permitted Azad Kashmir to publish its ain official postage casts. Postage of Pakistan is used, alternatively. Fiscal affairs of Azad Kashmir, i.e. revenue enhancement personal businesss and budgetary, are dealt by its ain disposal organic structure instead than by Pakistani board of Revenue ( ibid ) .

The human rights of the people of Azad Kashmir have been the topic of argument. Harmonizing to Brad Adams, manager at Asia “ Human Rights Watch ” articulated in 2006, “ Although ‘Azad ‘ agencies free, the occupants of Azad Kashmir are anything but. The Pakistani governments govern Azad Kashmir with rigorous controls on basic freedoms ” ( Human Rights Report, 2006 ) .

4.2.5 Economy

Poverty is across-the-board in Azad Kashmir with 40 % of the population life in absolute poorness holding an income of less than one US dollar per twenty-four hours ( AJK Economic Review, 2011 ) . Life anticipation increased from 45 old ages in 1960 to 65 old ages in 2003. In 2005 Azad Kashmir was hit by 7.6 magnitude of temblor which caused a terrible harm to the province ‘s economic system ( ABS, 2003 ) . But in the last three decennaries, the province achieved a important growing in the economic sector. The statistical figure shows that the GDP growing rate over the last three decennaries increased from 1.6 % to 6.3 % . Before 1970s the economic system of the province was wholly dependent on agribusiness but with the transition of clip industries and remittals became the major subscriber in the economic system of Azad Kashmir. However, agribusiness is still playing a important function in the economic system of Azad Kashmir as about 70 % of the population is dependent on it ( ibid ) .

4.2.6 Employment

Approximately 60 % of the labour force is straight and indirectly employed in agribusiness sector and merely 15 % is employed in industry. Unemployment scopes from 9.0 to 13 % ( AJK Economic Review, 2011 ) . In add-on to industries and agribusiness, remittals besides play a major function in the economic system of Azad Kashmir. Harmonizing to Nizami 2012, “ Mirpur territory, the most flush metropolis in Azad Kashmir, is known to many as ‘mini London ‘ . The ground is that Kashmiris life in the UK, who retain strong ties to Mirpur, have contributed greatly to the metropolis ‘s development with a steady inflow of lb sterling ” .

With respect to one-year household income, people populating in the rural countries are more dependent on remittals than are those populating in the urban countries. Majority of the rural population depends on agribusiness, farm animal, forestry and non-formal employment. National mean per capita income has been estimated to be 1254 US $ . Major harvests are Maize, Wheat & A ; Rice whereas minor harvests are Grams, Pulses ( ruddy kidney beans ) , Oil-seeds and Vegetables. Major fruits produced in Azad Kashmir are Pears, Apples, Walnuts and Apricot. Agriculture and livestock income ranges between 30-40 % of rural family net incomes ( AJK Economic Review, 2011 ) .

4.3.1 Tourist Attractions in Azad Kashmir

Azad Kashmir is non yet wholly explored by tourers. Its snow covered extremums, rivers, lakes dense woods, green tableland and clime varying from north-polar to sub-tropical, all stick together to do it to an possible tourer site. The major tourer sites include Banjonsa Lake, Mangla Lake, Rawalakot, Toli-peer, Leepa Valley, Badori, Loonbagla, Sudden-Gali and Pirchnasi. Some of the archeological topographic points are Mughal mosque, Gurdwara- Ali-Baig Temple, Burgen Fort, Baradari ( Ruins of Thakar Dawara ) , Hindu-Temple Gojra, Khoiratta ( Caves of Ancient Times ) , Red Fort, Black Fort, Sharda Fort, Mangla Fort and Ramkot Fort ( AJK booklet, 2011 ) . Azad Kashmir has a diverse cragged landscape runing from low hills to high mountains ( 2000 to 6000 metres ) which is suited for soft to medium adventure touristry like trekking, stone mounting, summer encampment, mountaineering and hikings. With many of watercourses and rivers, the province besides offers chances for H2O athleticss like kayaking, rafting and canoeing ( ibid ) .

4.3.2 Tourism in Azad Kashmir

Since 1960s the growing of touristry began in this province largely based on Muzaffarbad ( a capital metropolis ) , Rawalakot and Mirpur and so distribute all over the province. The 10 twelvemonth Master program ( 1970-1980 ) for the publicity of touristry industry in Azad Kashmir was endorsed by the authorities of Pakistan with Azad Kashmir ( AJK, 1989 ) . This program contained a recommendation sing the betterment of touristry industry in Azad Kashmir. Harmonizing to this program, the chief countries in Azad Kashmir identified for the development of touristry are Rawalakot, Banjonsa, Neelum Valley, Toli-pir, Dao Khan, Chikkar, Pirchinassi, Mangla and Bhimber.

Then Kashmir disposal planned to advance and develop touristry industry by puting the public money as private engagement. In 2001, Azad Kashmir “ touristry and archaeology section ” has signed Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ‘s ) with Alpine Club, Pearl Tours and Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) as a private engagement to increase tourer related activities in Azad Kashmir ( AJK Report, 2010 ) .

Alpine Club of Pakistan ( ACP ) :

Their activities include stone mounting, high height expeditions, paragliding and H2O rafting.

Pearl Tours & A ; Travels Limited ( Hashoo Group ) as General Gross saless Agents:

Their activities are to advance and selling of Azad Kashmir tourer finishs, arrange orientation trips for selected/leading circuit operators of the province including travel agents, authors and media forces.

Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) :

Their activities are to supply air services in Rawalakot and Muzaffarabad by supplying 20-seater aircrafts.

The “ Public Works Department ” ( PWD ) under the ministry of communicating was appointed for advancing touristry substructure in Azad Kashmir. Harmonizing to Chari et Al 2011, Azad Kashmir authorities increased the touristry development budget in 2006. The Public Works Department launched the “ Piyara Kashmir ” ( Beautiful Kashmir ) plan in 2009. Under this plan, 275 million ( PKR ) has been assigned for touristry substructure development such as tourer Lodges, remainder houses, motels, huts and related installations ( ibid ) .

4.3.3 Tourism Policies in Azad Kashmir

The Government of Azad Kashmir acknowledged that touristry industry can convey a singular part in the economic system of province and can besides increase fiscal assets ( AJK, 2011 ) . Even though, Azad Kashmir has many manmade and natural resources which would magnetise tourers to see but till now really few actions have been taken to work these chances. The touristry policies in the province recognized that the public presentation of the touristry industry does non mirror its possible even though with their turning figure of tourer reachings. In 1960s, several programs were organized to develop the touristry industry in Azad Kashmir but no major accomplishment has been made. The province established “ AJK Tourism Department ” and conferred it all the duties associating to the development of touristry industry in the province. The Government engagement in the economic sector of the developing provinces is indispensable as most of the development provinces are characterized by inadequacy of resources like substructure and deficits of skilled human resources.

The province of Azad Kashmir produced a “ National Tourism Policy ” in 1990 to turn to and repair the mistakes of the old programs and focal points on major issues such as deficiency of private sector investing, uncoordinated development and deficiency of support. The policy shapers consider that touristry can convey a major part by guaranting the increased private sector investing, poverty relief and bring forthing employment. Government of Azad Kashmir formulates the “ National Tourism Policy ” to obtain the above reference believes through peculiar schemes i.e. increasing fund allotments to construct substructure, offering inducements for local investings, provide marketing installations to develop little graduated table concerns, affecting private sector involvements, etc ( AJK, 1992 ) .

4.3.4 Azad Kashmir Tourism and Archaeology Department

After the independency in 1947, Tourism section was runing as an affiliated little unit of Forest Department with a few touristry functionaries. It ensures touristry supply and selling installations for tourers at a little graduated table. Most of the development of touristry