Part A.
This missive is in response to your narrative which was published in your web site and broadcasted in your Stationss sing Edward Jenner as the most fecund microbiologist that of all time lived and have contributed much to the betterment of microbiology and public wellness. I would wish to do a point that several other scientists have contributed much to that of the plants of Jenner on eliminating little syphiliss virus by inoculation. He may hold started the usage of vaccinums which led to its obliteration old ages subsequently ; nevertheless. it should non be mistaken to be the most important microbiological part.
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Take an illustration the work of Joseph Lister on 1867 sing antiseptics ( Prescott et al. . 2005 ) . Like any other scientist during his clip. plants on asepsis was non an nightlong occupation ; he worked carefully and tested his theories over and over once more. until such clip that he perfected it ( Roediger. 1990 ) . By thoughtfully believing of what may do Pus formation in surgical lesions. he experimented with shreds and phenol and used it as wound dressings. Certain plenty. his patients did non develop sphacelus after being dressed with carbolic acid or phenol treated shreds. Subsequently on. he improved on excepting bacteriums from his runing suite by incorporation of clean environment as a requirement in sterile surgery ( Lister. 1909 ) .
In modern yearss. Lister’s work on antiseptic surgery had decreased much of the deceases caused by hospital-acquired infections brought approximately by practising of good scientific discipline ( Pasteur and Lister. 1996 ) . By using his impression of the germ theory via his publicity of environmental cleanliness and sanitation. he inculcated the modern medical practicians with criterions of disease bar that finally lead to decrease of major infections like TB ( Osborn. 1986 ) .
Most notably. in his award. Listerine® was named after him. In acknowledgment of his attempts. the British Medical Journal late stated that “he saved more lives by the debut of this system than all the wars of the nineteenth century together had sacrificed” ( Nester et al. . 2007 ) . To reason that Lister was more fecund than Jenner. the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine in Britain was changed to its current name. the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine ( The Lister Institute ) .
Another noteworthy scientist is in the character of Dr. John Snow. John Snow. in 1849 published his plants entitled. “On the manner of communicating of cholera. ” In his research. Snow began to speculate that cholera was so transmitted by a common beginning. and certain plenty he pin pointed it to a contaminated H2O pump in Broad Street ( Thrusfield. 22007 ) . Though extremely criticized and much of his researches were dismissed. he ne’er did hesitation in seeking out the truth.
Despite of these obstructions. he ne’er faltered to demo the good qualities of an epidemiologist: good record keeper. determined. dedicated and extremely skilled ( Stanwell-Smith. 2002 ) . A good record keeper. he was a really acute perceiver and he ne’er did bury to take into histories this minute inside informations that allowed him to work out the enigma of the cholera epidemic in London. Furthermore. determined and dedicated to his work even though unfavorable judgments were all around him and yet a extremely skilled scientist ne’er did demo attitudes that will impede him from wining ( Prescott et al. . 2005 ) . His plants have led people to nickname him as “the male parent of epidemiology. ”
Certain plenty. epidemiology and public wellness can non hold gone a million measure without the enterprise of the medical physician who was one time criticized for speculating something at that clip which can non be proven until subsequently old ages where. the bacterium responsible for the disease was isolated. It may be another narrative of another scientist. but without Snow. nil non even the bar and finding of the happening of diseases can come on ( Stanwell-Smith. 2002 ) .
Certain plenty. Jenner may hold helped in bettering disease bar by first making the vaccinum and subsequent surveies taking to its development. it can non be disclosed that Lister and Snow. did more accomplishments in the field of microbiology and public wellness per Se. It may be suiting to state that Jenner may be a great microbiologist. it is merely proper to besides uphold and acknowledge other note taking attempts of these other microbiologists.
Part B.
In the summer of 1999. the first human instance of West Nile Encephalitis in the western hemisphere was documented. By the terminal 0f 2002. the WNV epidemic have resulted to at least a entire 4. 156 human instances ( with 2. 943 cerebromeningitis instance and 284 deceases ) . 16. 741 dead birds. 6. 604 septic mosquitoes and 14. 571 equine instances. This epidemic was the largest recognized arboviral cerebromeningitis epidemic in the Western Hemisphere ( CDC. 2003 ) .
The Virus
Western equid phrenitis is a member of the Genus Flavivirus under the Family Flaviviridae ( Tortora et al. . 2007 ) . The virions are spherical and around 50 nanometers in diameter. It is widely distributed throughout the Americas. particularly after the oncoming of the epidemics in 2002. It is maintained in an endemic rhythm affecting domestic and passerine birds and Culex sp. functioning as the vector host ( Murphy et al. . 1999 ) . WNV infection in worlds green goodss either symptomless infection or mild feverish disease. sometimes accompanied by roseola. which should be differentiated from dandy fever hemorrhagic febrility. The human case-fatality rate in the U. S. has been 7 % overall with 10 % of patients holding neuroinvasive WNV disease ( CDC. 2003 ) .
The Outbreak
Although unknown how or when WNV was introduced into North America. international travel of septic people. importing of septic birds or mosquitoes or migration of septic birds are all possibilities and can non be ruled out. Overwintering mosquitoes during the winter of 1999 to 2000 have been the manner wherein the virus has propagated throughout New York. It has so undergone several rhythms of overwintering and by the terminal of 2002 has affected 44 provinces. including the District of Columbia. It has now been proven that the mosquito carry the virus and have traveled ab initio from New York to nearby provinces infecting other animate beings. most notably worlds. ( CDC. 2003 ) .
Control and Prevention
Prevention and control of WNV phrenitis was accomplished efficaciously through a series of comprehensive attempts and plans including integrated pest direction. It should be taken into consideration that the precedence bar for this type of disease is devastation of mosquito home grounds which serve as the chief vector. Likewise. sanitation and H2O direction greatly reduced the entire figure of instances from that of 2002 to a tolerable 1. ( CDC. 2003 )
