Humans and animals are interrelated in an ecosystem

Methodology is the systematic and orderly process or procedure for achieving some aim. In transporting out this research, the research worker utilised an mixture of research methodological analysiss to obtain information and information. There are two major methods used in this research paper which are roll uping primary informations and secondary informations.

2.1 Roll uping Primary Data

Primary informations is informations observed or collected straight from first-hand experience.[ 2 ]In primary informations aggregation, the research worker collect the informations itself and the information collected is alone to the research. There are many methods of roll uping primary informations and the chief methods used in this research are interviews, questionnaires and observations.

2.1.1 Interviews

An interview is a conversation between two or more people ( the interviewer and the interviewee ) where inquiries are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.[ 3 ]Interview is a utile method of obtaining information and sentiments from experts during the early phases of the research undertaking. These early interviews frequently provide really of import information which will assist to place the hereafter research way.

In this research, it is really of import to place the species of the monkeys as it is the cardinal point of the research. In order to place the species of the monkeys in University Malaya, interviews can be transporting out with some experts in University Malaya. Those experts can be lectors that are expertise in animate beings. Some supplement stuffs such as the exposure of the monkeys can be shown to the expert to corroborate that the species of monkeys are right identify. In add-on, interview with those experts will besides supply us with some extra information that is difficult to happen in the books or other mentions. The intent of interview can besides be seeking for sentiments. In this research, experts ‘ sentiments are really of import as they can supply some counsel and way for the research. For illustration, the experts may propose the research worker on how to detect the behavior of the monkeys. Therefore, interview is of import as a method to obtain adept sentiments and information.

In this research, research worker has had interview session with several lectors in University Malaya as they are all expert in this field. Lectors that had been interviewed are Prof. Dr. Rosli bin Hashim, Associate Prof. Dr. Rosli bin Ramli and Dr. Zeeda Fatimah binti Mohamad. Prof. Dr. Rosli bin Hashim is the expert in Ecology and Biodiversity of Birds, Mammals, and Herptiles. One of the adept countries of Associate Prof. Dr. Rosli bin Ramli is mammalogy.[ 4 ]

2.1.2 Questionnaires

A questionnaire is a research instrument dwelling of a series of inquiries and other prompts for the intent of garnering information from respondents.[ 5 ]Using a questionnaire enables research workers to form the inquiries and receive answers without really holding to speak to every respondent. The questionnaire is a really flexible tool.

In this research, primary informations can be obtained from questionnaires prepared by the research workers for pupils in University Malaya. The questionnaires will hold about 50 inquiries. The mark group for the questionnaires could be the pupils that are stay in the inn within the campus of University Malaya. The figure of respondent will hold a minimal figure of 150 people. The questionnaires are to be administering to respondents indiscriminately through face-by-face and by directing electronic mail. The inquiries will cover the country such as the behavior of the monkeys, the activities of the monkeys and the jobs cause by the monkeys. In add-on, sentiments and suggestions of respondents on how to work out the jobs will besides include in the questionnaires.

Questionnaires are thought to be the best manner of acquiring to cognize the jobs cause by the monkeys in the campus. It allows the respondents to give their personal position on the issue approached. This is of import as each respondent may confront different jobs cause by monkeys and some may non confront monkeys ‘ jobs.

2.1.3 Observations

Observation is either an activity of a life being ( such as a homo ) , dwelling of having cognition of the outside universe through the senses, or the recording of informations utilizing scientific instrument.[ 6 ]Observation is a method of entering activities of monkeys in University Malaya. The activities of the monkeys can be observed and recorded.

Observation of the monkeys is a speedy and efficient method of deriving preliminary cognition or doing preliminary appraisal of the monkeys ‘ activities. Observations are transporting out indiscriminately in the campus of University Malaya such as residential colleges. Photographs are to be taken to enter the activities of the monkeys.

2.2 Roll uping Secondary Data

Secondary informations is the information that have been already collected by and readily available from other beginnings. Such informations are cheaper and more rapidly gettable than the primary informations and besides may be available when primary informations can non be obtained at all. There are many beginnings of secondary informations and the informations can be categorized into two chief groups which are paper-based beginnings and electronic beginnings.[ 7 ]Paper-based beginnings are such as books, diaries, research studies, conference documents, internal records of administrations, newspapers and magazines. Electronic beginnings are such as online databases, Internet, picture and broadcasts.

In this research, secondary informations were obtained through reading stuffs from diaries, articles, presented working documents, books, and newspaper from libraries and from the cyberspace. It is to acquire the accurate information, for cases the definitions, footings used, facts, statistics and informations, history. Information that are obtained demand to be analysed and utilize in the studies. Information was besides obtained from related administrations such as Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, and Jabatan Pembangunan dan Penyelenggaraan Harta Benda ( JPPHB ) in University Malaya. Information that can obtain from these administrations includes statistical informations ( current and historic ) .

2.3 Literature Review

Since 1000s old ages ago, human home ground and animate being home grounds are identical. Human can be said to populate in carnal home ground and animate being can besides be said to populate in human home ground. Human and animate being portion the home ground and unrecorded together. This is because homo and animate being are all interrelated through many complex ecosystem ironss. We ca n’t even happen a human home ground that did n’t hold any animate being in it. Animal make a large part in human day-to-day as the beginning of nutrient. For illustration, human consume poulet meats everyday in big measure. Therefore, human rely on animate being to go on their basic day-to-day life.

Although animate beings have large parts to human, but they besides frequently bring many large jobs to human. The most common jobs that cause by animate beings are assailing people and destroys human ‘ farm. These jobs become more serious as urbanisation occur quickly today. Human over deforestation and urbanisation has caused more and more wildlife carnal move to human home ground. Wildlife animate beings have been migrated to human home ground bit by bit as they lost their natural home ground. This type of immigrants have cause many inconvenient and perturbation jobs in human home grounds.

Different type of wildlife animate beings will travel into different type of human home grounds that fit their life demands. One of the common wildlife animate beings that have been moved to human home ground is monkeys. Monkeies are animate beings that are believed to hold the same ascendant as human. Therefore, monkeys can accommodate good in human home ground. For illustration, we can see monkeys everyplace in some topographic points in India.

In Malaysia, monkeys ‘ perturbation jobs in human home ground have become more serious presents if compared to early twelvemonth – 1970s and 1980s. This monkey perturbation ‘ jobs issue has ever drawn the attending of the populace because those monkeys may impact their day-to-day life. This is besides because rather a figure of them may see the jobs cause by the monkeys in their milieus. A Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara publication ( 2006:2 ) showed that long-tailed macaque is the chief group of archpriest that contribute to these jobs. The population of urban macaques has been increased twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Urban macaques are progressively blamed for assailing worlds, busting places for nutrient, soiling premises, making noises and stealing human belongingss. Some provinces in Malaysia that are quickly developed experienced the jobs greater than other provinces in Peninsular Malaysia. These provinces are Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan, Pulau Pinang and Johor.

A Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara publication ( 2006:2 ) stated that in the early twelvemonth, long-tailed macaques were exported for research usage, as alien nutrient and pets. They has been used extensively in medical experiements, in peculiar those connected with neuroscience. However, in twelvemonth 1984 Malaysia authorities has banned the export of macaques due to outshout against of monkeys in laboratory research. Another ground that cause the governmnet to censor the export is the drastic diminution in the population of the species. However, in August 2007, Malaysia authorities lift the prohibition on the macaque export. This is due to the overgrown of the species in urban countries. Large population of the macaques has cause the figure of ailments sing human-macaque struggle increased. As a consequence, the macaques are once more being exports to cut down their big figure of population while fulfill demand for alien meats and scientific research. This act has receive many strong resistance from non-government administration and public. This is because the act is morally unacceptable. In early 2008, macaques export is once more being halt because about 80 per centum of the macaques are found to be infected with TB, malaria, hepatitis and AIDS. These diseases caused them insecure and non suited to the market. Stop exportation of the macaques non because of the dialouge between the different stakeholders, but due to the unexpected determination on the morbid macaques. As the consequence of the banned, the figure of macaques in Malaysia increased quickly.

Salman, Petra, Idlan and Muhamad ( 2006 ) in their publication “ Manual Pengurusan Konflik Manusia-Kera Di Semenanjung Malaysia ” and Salman in his ain publication ( 2006 ) “ Pelan Pengurusan Kera ( Macaca fascicularis ) Bermasalah Di Semenanjung Malaysia ” stated that doomed of home ground is the chief factors that cause the monkeys ‘ perturbation jobs to happen. Deforestation and urbanisation has cause the monkeys lost their natural home ground and their beginning of nutrient. Lost of home grounds cause monkeys move to human home ground and hunt for nutrient in human home ground. The long-tailed macaque is the chief species that cause perturbation jobs in human home ground. Most of the long-tailed macaques are presently populating in urban countries. They are omnivors that eat foliages and some little animate beings. They are besides good swimmer and unrecorded together in a large group from 5-60+ animate beings. High version ability enables them to populate in human home ground although the nutrient beginning may be limited. They normally search for nutrient in the rubbish bins. Some of them even busting human places to seek for nutrient. When they raid into human places, they will do the house untidy and dirty. Therefore, they have cause many struggle with human such as devastation or lost of belongings. As stated in the publication “ Pelan Pengurusan Kera ( Macaca fascicularis ) Bermasalah Di Semenanjung Malaysia ” , ailments for human-macaque struggle are the highest among ailments for human-wildlife struggle. The figure ailments received have been increased from twelvemonth to twelvemonth.

There are many factors that contribute to the perturbation jobs cause by monkeys. One of the factors is the aggressive behavior. Monkeys ‘ perturbation toward homo may besides due to their aggressive behavior. Rosenblum ( 1971 ) in his survey of Macaca mulatta monkeys – ” The Macaca mulatta monkey in North India: An ecological and behavioral survey ” showed that Macaca mulatta monkey is reported to be among the more overtly aggressive in its intra-group dealingss. Incidence of aggression in the species has been based on surveies of groups in high-density environment where beginning of nutrient are sufficient. His survey indicates that the perturbation cause by the macaque in University Malaysia may besides due to the same factor which are the aggressive behavior.

In another publication that besides shows the aggression of monkeys, Jay ‘s publication – “ Aggression in monkey and ape societies ” , the aggressive behavior in monkeys and ape societies has been studied. Jay ( 1968 ) besides stated in his survey “ Aggression in monkey and ape societies ” that monkeys and apes, in common with other animate beings including adult male, demonstrate aggressiveness. Their aggressiveness is demonstrated by a assortment of actions and looks affecting face, limbs and the whole organic structure. For illustration, monkeys will demo their dentitions when they are aggressive. He besides found out that every bit in other animate beings, aggression is expressed non merely in direct and apparently univocal signifiers but in indirect ways where, as is really normally the instance, other motivations than to assail are besides aroused in the state of affairs. He besides believed that environment discrepancies may be found to bring forth a more sharply characterized monkeys ‘ societal administration. Monkeies that live in urban human home ground are tends to be more aggressive than monkeys that live in rural human home ground. This may be due to the degree of racketiness of the environment. High degree of noisiness make the monkeys feel uncomfortable merely like what go on to human when the environment is noisy.

No thesis and proceedings in the University Malaya has covered any monkeys ‘ perturbation jobs in University Malaya. The closest related survey was thesis by Patricia ( 1977 ) with the subject “ The Effect of Temperament on Maternal Behaviour in a Captive Group of Crab Eating Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) ” . Patricia reported on a survey carried out on a confined group of crab-eating macaques. The survey is concentrating in peculiar on temperament differences among the females and their consequence on each public presentation as female parents. Her survey provides suggestions and decisions about non human archpriest behavior, including some countries that non been antecedently explored in deepness. She stated that most research has concentrated on describing and understanding the behavior of species or, at the most, of different group within a species. There are merely small attending has been paid to the persons, and what consequence this has on other facets of their behavior and on homo. The lone similarity of Patricia ‘s survey and my survey is the species of monkeys.

Since there are no survey on the monkeys ‘ perturbation jobs in University Malaya and their behavior, therefore my work will make full the spread of information on this subject. The jobs caused by the monkeys and the factors that caused their perturbation will be investigate. This survey will be a part to the topic.

My reappraisal of the relevant literature on monkeys ‘ perturbation jobs in University Malaya has different points of positions, some are close related to my subject and some are non. My undertaking in this research undertaking is to demo that the monkeys in University Malaya have cause many perturbation jobs to the community in the campus.

2.4 Analysis of Datas

Another of import portion in the research paper is the analysis of the informations collected. Analysis of informations is a procedure of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and patterning informations with the end of foregrounding utile information, proposing decisions, and back uping determination devising.[ 8 ]Therefore, informations collected must be able to analyze. Datas that are collected can be analysed by utilizing Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. Graphs, charts and tabular arraies can be use to exemplify the informations that are collected from questionnaires. Photographs can be extra stuffs when construing the observation ‘s consequence.