It was a holding operation to stop the Persian land advance into southern Greece. The object was to force the Persians to break the impasse with a flanking movement by sea, and the Greek naval forces were waiting, hoping to win a decisive sea battle in the nearby strait of Artemesion.

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The Greeks lost the sea battle and the force at Thermopylai, having fulfilled its function, was withdrawn. The Spartan and Thespian contingents remained behind to cover this withdrawal, sacrificing themselves to let the others escape.

The Greek fleet reassembled in the strait at Salamis near Athens and there won the naval victory they had been seeking.

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