The Sumerian people established the oldest writing system in the world, built the first wheeled vehicles, were the first astronomers, invented arithmetic, possibly military formations, introduced basic divisions between infantry, cavalry and archers, developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems including courts, jails and government records, constructed the first proper city-states, utilised writing other than debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be used in messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records among other documents, created the first formal schools and ushered in a new era of intensive agriculture and irrigation while raising and cultivating such species as Emmer wheat, barley, sheep (starting off as mouflon) and cattle (starting off as aurochs) for the first time.

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