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He first defeated a Persian army at Granicus, and massacred theGreeks who were in Persian service providing the armoured infantrywhich they needed to face up to the Macedonian phalanx. Thisslaughter was to dissuade Greeks from Persian service, and meantthat the Persians were left with inadequate unarmoured infantry.
He defeated the Persians at a second battle at Issus in Syria, andcaptured their treasury, which gave him the funds to pay and feedhis troops and mercenaries to continue on his campaign.
He captured the coastal ports of Phoenicia and Egypt which deprivedthe Persians of their superior navy which could attack Macedoniaand Greece and also cut off his supply of reinforcements.
He moved with the harvest seasons to ensure food supply in Asia asit was impossible to move sufficient supplies in an age beforemotorised transport.
He finally defeated the Persian army at Gaugamela which endedcoordinated resistance. His campaigns thereafter were againstisolated forces rather than the army of the empire.
