As the Persian empire expanded, it incorporated hundreds of Greek city-states dotted around the Black and eastern Mediterranean seas. These cities were originally coonies of cities in mainland Greece, and called on them for assistance, resulting in intervention.
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Persia decided to incorporate the cities of mainland Greece into its empire to establish an ethnic frontier and avoid these troubles. Some cities were brought in by establishing puppet regimes, others resisted and Persia invaded in 480 BCE to take in the cities of central and southern Greece by force.
They eventually lost, withdrew and were involved in intermittent war until a treaty compromise in 449 BCE.
