Leaders were usually from the aristocracy, who had popularsupport of the landowners, big and small, who also made up thecitizenry and the citizen army.

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When radical democracies were tried, eg in Athens and similarcities, the leaders were chosen by lot, but in sufficient numbers(a council of 500) so that the law of averages would ensure thatthere were some level-headed people included. However in Athens,any important action decided by the citizen assembly often had arider ‘the generals will see to it’. The generals were separatelyselected from reliable people (the citizens didn’t want to riskbeing led in battle by a dummy drawn out of the hat), and so thegenerals were given the implementation of important decisions bythe popular assembly to make sure it was done competently.

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