Extended Response Writing

E- Explanation (puts your topic into perspective by usually defining it, explaining key points and/ or giving other crucial background information. E- Examples. Key explanations and examples are given in these. The more examples you refer to, the better. Go from broad examples to specific. The following are additional for those higher order questions. E- Evaluative sentence/s. This is for higher order bossy words, where you make a judgement or linkage or contradictory point. CS- Concluding sentence to let the reader know you’ve finished your point (you can start to link to next point) Signposts- Depending on the bossy word examiners need to see key phrases or terms that show you are writing a style of paper that was directed by the question. Also, you need to signpost to the reader that you understand the concepts and content thus you will use the key terms assocaited with you r topic. That is why it is important to memorise the technical words. Q. Describe the spatial patterns and dimensions of ONE ecosystem at risk that you have studied and analyse the negative human impacts.

The coral reef ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef has many spatial patterns and dimensions and negative human impacts that make it an ideal case study of an ecosystem at risk. Spatial patterns and dimensions such as location, latitude, altitude, continuity, size and shape (extent) help in understanding the biophysical functioning and vulnerability and resilience of the GBR. Furthermore, there have been a number of human impacts on this ecosystem at risk such as shipping, fishing, collection, and tourism that has had serious implications on the functioning of this fragile ecosystem.

One spatial dimension and pattern that is important is location. The location of the GBR is critical as Coral reefs are predominantly found in warm waters particularly in the tropics. The relative location of the GBR is that it is located in the North East coast of Australia. Also, it is completely located off the coast of the State of Queensland. It is found in the southern hemisphere and in particular it is within the tropic of Capricorn. (Refer to figure 1) Its location is important especially in relation to latitude. Another significant spatial pattern and dimension is latitude.

Latitude refers to the flat lines north and south of the equator around the earth. The higher the latitude the colder the climate gets. The latitude of the GBR reef extends from 8 degrees south to 24 degrees south, which locates it within the Tropic of Capricorn. This is significant as coral reefs need warm water to survive (between 24 to 26 degrees Celsius) and by being located within the tropical latitudes the GBR is in an ideal location for optimal coral growth. Another spatial pattern and dimension is altitude. Altitude refers to the height above sea level.

In the case of the GBR we can refer to the depth of the reef. The ideal depth for coral reefs ranges from 4m to 30m. This is because coral needs to remain under water- so 4m allows it to stay underwater especially during low tides. If they go too deep the coral polyps cannot get enough sunlight to photosynthesise. Thus, the GBR reefs depth ranges from 4m to 30m respectively. Another spatial pattern and dimension is size and shape (extent). The GBR is not one long reef but a number of small reefs. In fact it is made up of over 2900 different shaped reefs such as ribbon reefs, patch reefs etc.

The Marine Park is approximately 348 700 square kilometres witch makes it very large. Furthermore, the reef is only as wide as where the continental shelf reaches as identified above it gets too deep. Thus the general overall shape of the reef is long and narrow. By having a large extent it makes the reef appear very resilient, but by being a combination of small narrow reefs actually makes this ecosystem vulnerable. The last spatial pattern and dimension is continuity. Continuity refers to how long the reef has been present. The current reef has been present in its current form since the last ice age (8,000-12, 000 years ago).

However, it has been built up on previous coral reefs over millions of years. Coral takes a long while to develop. Any harm done to it takes a long time to recover (low elasticity) thus making the ecosystem vulnerable. The ecosystem has functioned with minimal human interference for many thousands of years. It is only in recent times that humans have begun to impact on it negatively. One significant human impact that has negative implications is the fisheries. The fisheries industry depends on the utility value of the GBR. Since there is a variety (biodiversity) and an abundance of fish the GBR seems it have more than enough.

However, prawn trawling and the use of nets have serious implications on the well being of the reef. Trawling for prawns often disturbs the sea floor destroying habitats and stirring up silt. Coral reefs do not like turbid water as it reduces sunlight entering the ecosystem thus impacting a key optimal condition for coral growth. Further, the use of nets often catches other species not targeted, this is called by-catch. This can heavily reduce the biodiversity of the ecosystem and thus make it vulnerable. etc Past HSC Extended Response Exam Questions Ecosystems at Risk

Question 19 (2001) Analyse the human impacts affecting the nature and rate of change of TWO ecosystems at risk. Question 20 (2002) With reference to at least ONE ecosystem you have studied, explain the biophysical interactions which lead to diverse ecosystems and their functioning. Question 21 (2003) Justify the importance of ecosystem management and protection. Question 19 (2004) Describe the spatial patterns and dimensions of ONE case study of an ecosystem at risk, and analyse the negative impacts of human activity on this ecosystem. Question 20 (2005)

Account for the vulnerability and resilience of ecosystems. Question 19 (2006) Evaluate traditional and contemporary ecosystem management strategies in terms of ecological sustainability. Question 19 (2007) Evaluate the impacts of, and responses of people to, environmental change, with reference to at least ONE ecosystem at risk. Question 20 (2008) Compare the nature and rate of change that affect the functioning of TWO different ecosystems at risk. Question 21 (2009) Evaluate the importance of ecosystem management and protection. Urban Places Question 20 (2001)

Compare the results of the urban dynamics in a large city from the developed world with those in Christchurch evident in the Stimulus Booklet. Question 21 (2002) Examine the role of world cities and the operation of these cities within global networks. Question 22 (2003) Describe the challenges of living in mega cities and evaluate the responses to these challenges. Question 20 (2004) Explain the relationships between the urban dynamics and the changing economic character of a large city in the developed world. Question 21 (2005) Explain the relationships of dominance and dependence between world cities and other urban centres.

Question 20 (2006) Contrast the nature, character and spatial distribution of world cities with mega cities in the developing world. Question 20 (2007) Critically analyse ONE urban dynamic of change operating in a country town OR suburb. Question 19 (2008) Analyse the impacts of at least TWO urban dynamics operating in a large city of the developed world. Question 20 (2009) Demonstrate why world cities are powerful centres of economic and cultural authority. People and Econmoic Activity Question 21 (2001) Explain how global changes in an economic activity have affected an enterprise you have studied at a local scale.

Question 22 (2002) Account for the location of an economic enterprise you have studied at a local scale, and describe the ecological dimensions related to this enterprise. Question 23 (2003) Examine the nature, spatial patterns and future directions of ONE economic activity in a global context. Question 21 (2004 ) Assess the environmental, social and economic impacts of ONE economic activity in a global context. Question 22 (2005) Describe how environmental constraints and human impacts influence the nature of an economic enterprise you have studied at a local scale. Question 21 (2006)