The name “Babylon” has never changed. It refers to a specificKingdom/Empire that existed in the region of Mesopotamia, but notthe land that it controlled. When it was overthrown by theAchaemenid Persians in the 530s BCE, the empire disappeared and itscitizens simply became Babylonian Persians or splintered back intotheir diverse pre-Babylonian ethnicities such as Judean, Aramean,Assyrian, etc. The name Iraq did not come to the fore until theArab conquest of the area from the Sassanid Persians in 634 C.E.and Iraq simply was the Arabic name for Mesopotamia (which was aGreek name for the region).

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