Persia invaded mainland Greece to put an end to interference in its empire in Asia.

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The southern Greek city-states opposed this.After an abandoned attempt to block the Persian advance by land and sea in northern Greece at Tempe the Greeksdecided to first destroy the Persian fleet to remove the amphibious threat to the southern cities.

Their plan was to block the pass at Thermopylai and so force a sea battle when the Persians tried to bypass this by sea. This woked as far as forcing a sea battle at Artemesion strait beside the pass at Thermopylai, but it went wrong when the Persians won the sea battle.

With the sea battle lost, the Greeks withdrew the blocking force at Thermopylai, the Spartan and Thespian contingents remaining behind to cover the withdrawal and dying in the process.

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