The extension of Egypt into the Middle East did not reach that faras it was halted by the southward move of the Hittites. Theinconclusive battle of Megiddo in 1482 BCE, claimed as a victoryfor Egypt’s Thutmose III, nevertheless drew a line beyond whichEgypt was unable to establish permanent control of Phoenicia, whoseindependent city-states continued on for nearly another thousandyears until brought under control of the Assyrian, then Persianempires.

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