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But it included over a hundred Greek city-states, which had been established by the Greek cities of mainland Greece to take their surplus population. These cities looked for support to their mother-cities across the Aegean and those mother cities sent aid, and they responded, so the Persian western border of the Aegean failed.
Persia tried to establish control of the two main external troublemakers, Athens and Eretria, by installing compliant tyrants in them in 490 BCE. This was frustrated by the defeat of its expeditionary force at Marathon, which only encouraged the troublemakers.
Persia therefor looked for a final solution of incorporing mainland Greece within its empand and so establish an ethnic frontier at the Adriatic Sea line to the west. The invasion in 480 BCE was mounted for this purpose. It too failed.
Persia then fell back on its Aegean line, with an anti-Persian confederation including the Asia Minor cities led by Athens breaching this line too, until the Peace of Callias in 449 BCE established a settlement, where Persia conceded the freedom of the Greek cities.
