The Greek city-states within the Persian Empire in Asia Minor revolted, and the mainland Greek city-states of Eretria and Athens intervened. After putting the revolution down, Persia decided to punish the two cities and bring them under control of tyrants to stop further interference into its empire.

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This intervention was defeated at Marathon, so Persia decided to bring all of mainland Greece under its control to put an end to unrest. This resulted in continuing war for fifty years, until Persia gave up and left the Greek world to its ongoing internal fighting.

Athens opportunistically converted the anti-Persian league it headed into an empire of its own and this polarised the Greek world, leading to the 27-year Peloponnesian War which devastated the Greek world from Sicily to Asia Minor.

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