The two neighboring sister-states of ancient Mesopotamia competed for dominance and as such grew widely different in character. Assyria and Babylonia were parts of the ancient Mesopotamia. When the Assyrian empire fell in 612 B.C., Babylonia stepped in and became the most powerful state in ancient Mesopotamia. Assyria occupied a highland region north of Babylonia on the east side of the Tigris. Located at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent, Babylonia was situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now present day Iraq.

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