There is no certain answer yet, but theories suggest that since Neanderthals and humans lived together once before (and were two separate species), competition with humans killed them off.
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The second theory suggests that Neanderthals and humans interbred and so they disappeared through absorption.
The third theory has geological evidence. The Campanian ignimbrite volcanic super-eruption (and a second one thousands of years later) probably caused a relatively moderate decline of Neanderthal population.
