The northern Greek city-states allied thrmselves with the Persians.

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The southern Greek states kept their armies at home to guard against a Persian amphibious attack.

The southern Greek states sent their navies to attack the Persian fleet to end this threat of amphibious attack. Holding up the Persian army at Thermopylai was designed to precipitate this sea battle as the Persians tried to outflank the pass by sea.

The Greeks lost the sea battle, and its fleet retired to Salamis for another try. The holding force at Thermopylai scattered beck to their cities, the Spartan contingent selflessly staying to the end to let them get away.

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