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The biggest resource was land. Mostly small farmers on subsistence blocks of land too small to divide amongst several sons, extra land was necessary. The taking of land from others either gained more land or caused casualties which reduced the population or both.
The initial Greek takeover of mainland Greece from the previous inhabitants provided land, which various city states took for themselves. When all the land was taken, inter-city fights redrew boundaries. When this game was played out, the cities turned to external sources, sending out colonies to the Aegean islands, Italy, Sicily, Gaul, north Africa, Asia Minor and southern Russia. The Greek world spread around the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
The colonies incidentally allowed cities also to get rid of not only surplus restive underclasses but also troublesome persons or groups within their society.
