Ethanol fuel in brazil

Ethanol Fuel in Brazil

In order to explicate the Ethanol history and its links in Brazil we must foremost understand the history of Ethanol in general. The historical timeline of Ethanol traces the history and has been powering engines back to 1826 when Henry Hennel of Great Britain and S.G Serullas of France began bring forthing Ethanol synthetically. It was at this same clip a adult male named Samuel Morey developed and invented an engine that would run off this man-made fuel mixed with gum terpentine. Ethanol in its purest signifier at the clip was nil more than bi-product of fermented maize. Its history really dates back to antediluvian times where it was used as an intoxicating drink ( Solar Companies.com 2005-2009 ) . In fifteenth Century Scotland, both the spirits and fuel were used as a type of “ moonlight ” . During the mid 1850 ‘s around the clip of the Civil War a revenue enhancement was imposed on Ethanol whiskey, which was called “ moonlight ” to assist raise money to fund the war. This revenue enhancement about ended the Ethanol industry in its childish phases. Although the first engine was built to utilize Ethanol at around the same clip as its man-made development and it was used for many of the twenty-four hours things like lamp oil, for the most portion Ethanol was used more as an intoxicant mixture ; and it was n’t until 1876 when the first combustible engine called the “ Otto Cycle ” named after Nicolaus Otto a German applied scientist was invented to run on both ethyl alcohol and gasolene. ( Fuel Testers, Ethanol Fuel History, 2006-2009 ) .

In 1896 a adult male by the name of Henry Ford built his first car than ran on pure ethyl alcohol. This car was called the quadricycle. Then in 1908 Henry Ford ‘s the Model T was built and was designed to run on maize intoxicant called ethyl alcohol. It would besides run on fuel, or a mixture of the two, but due in big portion to the deficit of oil supplies in Europe Ethanol was a primary fuel beginning in the early 1900 ‘s up through and into the 1920 ‘s. When prohibition struck in 1919 ‘s, Ethanol was prohibited from public because it was considered spirits and could merely be sold when assorted with crude oil. In 1933 when prohibition ended, pure ethyl alcohol was used as a fuel once more. When WWII broke out the United States ground forces built the United States foremost ethanol fuel works to supply fuel for the Army. The ground forcess of Hitler used about entirely Ethanol to power their war machines due in big portion to the scarceness of oil and crude oil. After the war the monetary value of oil dropped dramatically and as a consequence from the late 1940 ‘s boulder clay the mid 1970 ‘s about no commercial ethyl alcohol was produced for sale in most states with the exclusion of a few ; Brazil being one of them. Brazil found ethanol a great manner to cover with excess sugar as it excessively could be processed to organize ethyl alcohol. ( William Kovarik, Ph. D. 2006-2008 )

It was n’t until the mid 1970 ‘s when the oil crisis hit that the United States once more began looking at the production on ethyl alcohol as an option to oil. Brazil had ne’er stopped its production and by 1973 ‘ when the oil crisis hit and shocked the universe, Brazil was the lone state that still had an ethanol blending plan and technology trial under manner, therefore seting them one measure in front of others. In 1975 in an attempt to cut down its dependance on foreign oil, Brazil formed the Pro- & A ; Aacute ; lcool Program ( Programa Nacional do & amp ; Aacute ; lcool, or National Alcohol Program ) ; this authorities financed plan began bring forthing ethanol signifier sugar cane in stead of fossil fuels ( energy4me, 2009 ) . Because of Brazils extended and aggressive attempts the ethyl alcohol industry thrived and by the mid 1980 ‘s over 90 % of all autos sold were ethanol merely vehicles, therefore doing Brazil the biggest alternate fuel market in the universe. ( energy4me,2009 ) . Since 1988 ethyl alcohol has been added to gasoline to take down emanations and the coming of flex fuel vehicles have replaced the ethyl alcohol merely vehicles ; ethanol continues to be added as the preferable oxygenating factor for gasolene. As of a study issued by Brazils Agriculture Ministry last twelvemonth gasolene is going the states alternative fuel. In the first half of 2008 gasolene sold 2.4millin gallons while ethyl alcohols sold 2.38 million. Reports showed nevertheless that the first five months of the terminal of the twelvemonth ethyl alcohol was exceling that of gasolene. The hereafter of fuel in Brazil is now and it ‘s Ethanol.

Brazil is the largest state in South America and the 5th largest in the universe. A state rich in natural resources of minerals, agricultural merchandises, and the Amazon River, 2nd longest river in the universe, and its rain wood has major impact on Earth ‘s ecological system.

Brazil was a settlement of Portugal by apostolic edict from 1530-1800. The first natural resource to be exported came to be called Brazilwood. A tree whose interior bark produced a rich ruddy dye much sought after by the new fabric industry in Europe. This set the future form of exporting natural resources to approach exhaustion to the European powers in trade for manufactured goods.

The purported ground for the colonisation of Brazil was to convey Christianity to the autochthonal people. This allowed priests the chance to convey the indigen ‘s psyche to God and if that did n’t happen, their organic structures would be brought to slavery so their psyches could be saved. Unfortunately as often happened when Europeans colonized, the native population was decimated by disease. As the native population dropped in Numberss, the agricultural potency of Brazil was turning. By the beginning of the early nineteenth century a new labour force was needed and this brought about an addition in the African slave trade. Meade ( 2004 ) claims “ Of all the Old World crops, the 1 that most transformed life in the Americas was sugar cane. Originating in India and cultivated along the border of the Mediterranean Sea, every bit good as in the Canaries and Azores off the seashore of Africa, sugar cane took to the Americas and flourished far more than it had anyplace else in the universe. Although cultivated on other Lusitanian islands with success, in the Americas the sugar harvest required no fertilisers and in the wet tropical clime it needed no irrigation. For the following 300 old ages Brazil ‘s economic system, political relations, and civilization were closely tied to the production of sugar and to the slave system that provided its labour. ”

The Lusitanian colonists had a societal hierarchy based on the patriarchal theoretical account. The male caput of the family had absolute authorization over all belongings and individuals that he controlled. A system that remained entrenched for centuries and molded the basic belief of Brazilians in absolute authorization and benign absolutism. The landed aristocracy were the upper category in the power construction of Brazil. They controlled the agricultural wealth of the state in sugar, java, and lumber. Mining operations besides afforded great wealth in minerals and gold.

During the 1870 ‘s the armed forces started to lift in societal stature to go a accepted group. This set the phase for the 1889 rebellion that formed the first Republic. Social construction remained basically the same. The power still rested with the landed aristocracy who controlled the state ‘s resources. But a new a form of the military strongman reenforcing the societal construction was born. This made manner for the eventual military regulation instituted in 1964. Meade ( 2004 ) explains “ The putsch of 1964 was non a Personalist absolutism. Its dominance represented a alteration from the political relations of personal clientelism and corruptness to a bureaucratic and institutional military regulation ”

This period saw a enormous growing in industrialisation fueled by authorities subsidies, including the edifice of the Trans-Amazonian Highway and the Itaipu hydro electric dike every bit good as the modern capital of Brasilia. Harmonizing to Meade ( 2004 ) this industrialisation plan did so increase fabrication but as an economic policy it merely produced astonishing debt and rising prices that burdened Brazil for decennaries. When the oil crisis of 1973 occurred the full economic system escalated to treble digit rising prices. This economic crisis caused the in-between category to lose its purchasing power and the hapless got even poorer, it fueled societal agitation, the rise of labour brotherhoods, and the Catholic Church to go a vocal force of resistance to the military regulation. Faced with this societal crisis the armed forces stepped down in favour of the turning democratic motion.

In 1993 the finance curate Cardaso instituted an economic program to cut down rising prices, utilizing a new currency and mild asceticism plan. This brought rising prices down from near 50 per centum to 2 per centum. ( Meade 2004 ) So that now in 2009 Brazil has a strong economic system. Harmonizing to A Giant awakens Brazil ( 2009 ) “ International militias exceed $ 200 billion, rising prices is below this twelvemonth ‘s 6.5 per centum mark and unemployment is at its lowest in 10 old ages ” Quoting President Luiz Lula district attorney Silva “ Brazil is still standing, because we did what had to be done ”

A strong economic system has allowed the in-between category to buy freshly available engineering. Harmonizing to A elephantine awakens Brazil ( 2009 ) the gross revenues of personal computing machines jumped 120 per centum from 2002 to 2007, with this, the usage of cyberspace has besides skyrocketed and the usage of nomadic phones has reached a record figure of 133 million. The authorities has programs to construct a high-velocity railroad associating Rio de Janeriro, Sao Paulo, and Campinas.

Another focal point of the current authorities is its monolithic attempt to develop renewable biofuels in the face of extremely volatile planetary oil monetary values. ‘I do n’t believe any Brazilian authorities has given such importance to ethanol as Lula has ‘ said Rousseff, who is besides president of the board of managers of oil giant Petrobras. ‘Even though we have much more crude oil than of all time before ”

Ethanol has been touted as a silver slug for taking dependance on foreign oil, mentioning Brazil as a primary illustration. However, it is of import to observe that there are several illustrations of how bring forthing ethyl alcohol has negatively impacted Brazil. Many beginnings do non discourse the initial cost of altering over to a pure ethyl alcohol fuel, the consequence the alteration has had on the cost of sugar and maize, every bit good as modifying authorities assistance for husbandmans.

A important load has been placed on the taxpayers of Brazil since the ethyl alcohol industry was so to a great extent subsidized by the Brazilian authorities in the beginning. “ Initial Cost investing of utilizing purely ethanol fuel Initial investing for the workss to treat sugar cane into ethyl alcohol is $ 60 million. The economic cost of production is $ 0.18-0.25 per litre of gasoline-equivalent. The mean export monetary value of ethyl alcohol ( 2001-2003 ) : US $ 0.23 per litre ( Jacinto F. Fabiosa & A ; John C. Beghin & A ; Fengxia Dong & A ; Amani Elobeid & A ; Simla Tokgoz & A ; Tun-Hsiang

( Edward ) Yu, 2009 ) . ” Comparing the cost of production and the mean export monetary value shows there is n’t much of a net income border for Brazil unless alterations in the trade policy with the USA and other states is modified.

Since ethyl alcohol is created from maize or sugar, which are both trade goods that are used in big demand in other industries like farming and nutrient supplies. Removing even a little part of the supply of maize and sugar into other countries causes a ripple consequence in monetary value in the consumer countries which the consequences can frequently be seen in the food market shop. This ripple consequence can finally come full circle and impact net income border of ethyl alcohol in Brazil. Changes in “ the cost of the feedstock is an of import determiner of the net income border for ethyl alcohol workss and determines the enlargement of works capacity ( Elobeid, Amani & A ; Tokgoz, Simla & A ; Hayes, Dermot J. & A ; Babcock, Bruce A. & A ; Hart, Chad E. , 2007 ) . ”

Brazil besides has to confront the trouble of altering policies and perceptual experiences of other states to guarantee that ethanol use is adopted on a big graduated table to guarantee their investing in this industry is profitable. The biggest challenge that faces Brazil is to modify the universe ‘s automotive industry which is to a great extent dependent on crude oil based fossil fuels. This will non be something that can be accomplished in a short clip which means extra debt could be incurred by the Brazilian authorities and taxpayers.

Brazil must besides work with other states to develop reciprocally good trade policies. Presently, the USA has a important duty due to several surveies that finds “ the remotion of trade deformations induces an addition in the universe monetary value of ethyl alcohol and a lessening in the U.S. domestic ethyl alcohol monetary value, which consequences in a diminution in U.S. ethanol production and an addition in ingestion ( Amani Elobeid & A ; Simla Tokgoz, 2006 ) . ” Although some argue about the consequence on the US exports of ethyl alcohol, the overall survey finds that the net income for other states might be watered down with a remotion of duties on Brazilian ethyl alcohol.

Although ethyl alcohol has been touted as a “ green fuel option ” the biofuel industry in Brazil has been linked with an addition in air and H2O pollution. There has been unfavorable judgment from the universe community sing deforestation in the Amazon and Atlantic rain forests. With the rush in ethanol production in Brazil more land is required which is increasing the rate at which villagers are being driven off their land. More surveies and clip will finally demo whether ethyl alcohol in Brazil will ensue in a positive consequence for clime alteration or non.

Ethyl alcohols can be susceptible to volatility in monetary value due to environmental variables. Since ethyl alcohol is coming from an agricultural beginning ( maize or sugar cane ) and the sum of volume that is required is really big than it is natural to happen that periods of drouth, cases of extreme conditions, plagues and other factors could mostly impact the cost of bring forthing ethyl alcohol. The existent volatility besides arises from the inability to be after for many of these factors like conditions and disease to the harvests.

A characteristic of ethyl alcohol that is non widely touted but needs to be addressed is the caustic nature of ethyl alcohol to the engine. “ Although ethyl alcohol does cut down the toxicity of auto fumes, it can absorb H2O and soil really easy, and if those contaminations are non filtered out successfully, they can do harm and corrosion inside the engine block ( Elobeid, Amani & A ; Tokgoz, Simla & A ; Hayes, Dermot J. & A ; Babcock, Bruce A. & A ; Hart, Chad E. , 2007 ) . ” This might be good for the car industry to increase the demand for aftermarket parts and fix service but consumers in Brazil and other states will finally look for the following option until this is resolved.

Brazil is in danger of developing a individual harvest agribusiness clime. “ In order to bring forth adequate maize or grain or sugar cane to run into the demands of the ethyl alcohol industry, husbandmans may hold to curtail how much of their harvest will be available for other utilizations ( Jacinto F. Fabiosa & A ; John C. Beghin & A ; Fengxia Dong & A ; Amani Elobeid & A ; Simla Tokgoz & A ; Tun-Hsiang ( Edward ) Yu, 2009 ) . ” This frequently means higher monetary values for animate being provender, flour, maize, grains and many merchandises derived from those natural stuffs. Even if all the available farming areas in the United States were converted to maize Fieldss for ethanol production, it still would merely run into a little per centum of the state ‘s entire energy demands.

Some of the definite positive impacts that ethanol has had on the civilization of Brazil include how Brazil has become independent on foreign oil imports as of 2006. Brazil has benefitted economically and environmentally by its acceptance of ethyl alcohol as its primary energy beginning to fuel most of the vehicles in the state. Brazil is looked upon as a leader, in the execution of ethyl alcohol as an option to fossil fuels, by other states in the universe that use expensive import oil and would wish to emulate its success in energy independency.

Brazil has become independent of imported foreign crude oil merchandises through the processing of its ‘ big sugar cane harvest into ethyl alcohol, a cost-efficient gasolene alternate fuel that powers its many vehicles. Ethanol is processed from sugar cane, which grows exceptionally good in Brazil ‘s tropical environment. Sugar, fortuitously for Brazil, is the most economical manner to do ethyl alcohol. In a research lab funded by sugar agriculturists, Brazilian scientists at the Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira have decoded the Deoxyribonucleic acid of sugar cane, which has helped them choose drouth and plagues resistant assortments that are able to give the most sugar content. Satellite imagination is besides used to find the best lucifer of location to the peculiar assortment of sugar cane, of which there have been 140 different types developed. Other progresss consist of utilizing sugar cane processing leftovers to run sugar Millss and ethyl alcohol workss, and utilizing industrial waste from ethanol production to fertilise sugar Fieldss, ensuing in an addition of Brazil ‘s ethanol manufacturer ‘s efficiency. In 1975, Brazil obtained 2,000 litres of ethyl alcohol from a hectare of sugar cane, soon the output is about 6,000 litres. All this ethyl alcohol would non be of any usage if Brazilians could non utilize it in their vehicles. Although a 10 % mix of gasolene and ethyl alcohol can be used in a gasolene merely auto with no jobs, higher per centum mixes can do corrosion of metal parts, because of the greater H2O content of ethyl alcohol, and can do difficult starts in colder temperatures given that ethyl alcohol has a higher ignition point. Flexible fuel and ethanol merely vehicles are both available in Brazil, although more of the population prefers the Flex-fuel cars so they can buy which of all time fuel cost the lowest ( Luhnow, 2006 ) .

Ethanol demand is driving the enlargement of Brazil ‘s sugar industry. Brazil is the largest exporter of ethyl alcohol and sugar. It has expanded countries for sugar cane growth and new sugar Millss and distilleries are being built. Policies and reforms that shaped the Brazilian sugar industry include the Proalcool plan and the usage of ethyl alcohol in authorities transit sector ( Valdes, 2007 ) .

Cooperation of United States and Brazil to advance ethyl alcohol development due to the high cost of oil merchandises has raised involvement in gasolene alternate fuels. Ethanol could be a solution to the American oil dependence and may lie in Brazilian and the U.S. leaders in planetary ethyl alcohol production cooperation. The public-service corporation of ethyl alcohol and gasolene in the U.S. and Brazil could be met by the addition of U.S. ethyl alcohol imports from Brazil and relaxing of import duty and responsibilities on U.S. ethyl alcohol imports ( Seelke & A ; Yacobucci ) .

The production of Ethanol Fuel from sugar cane in Brazil has raised a assortment of moral and ethical issues for Brazil and the universe environing it. The issues that have been identified through assorted signifiers of media and research are, the impact of sugar cane plantations harming the Amazon rain wood, the usage of land for production of fuel versus nutrient, pollution brought to the part, and the development of 1000s and 1000s of Migrant Farm Workers who work the sugar cane Fieldss.

The enlargement of ethanol production could take to a amused attending of bring forthing sugar cane for ethanol mills alternatively of providing nutrient to feed people. The devastation of species-rich Atlantic wood is being destroyed by sugar plantations.

Harmonizing to Ethanol Fuels article, sugar cane production uses weedkillers and insect powders more than any other harvest. These chemicals and N fertiliser are major subscribers to the land H2O and river pollution ( Pimentel, 2003 ) . In add-on, there are major air and H2O pollution jobs that are straight related to production of ethyl alcohol in the chemical workss.

Other concern is the fossil fuel released to the ambiance for the sugar cane production. It is estimated that ethyl alcohol workss outgo of 99,119 BTU of fossil energy per gallon. Carbon dioxide emanations released from firing these fossil fuels contribute to planetary warning and go on to be a concern. ( Pimentel, 2003 )

Overall, the biggest societal issue that the industry is spread outing poorness and advancing labour development. Poverty in Brazil has is primary related to the economic system of the sugar cane. One of the grounds Brazil has lowest cost of production of Ethanol is because the industries dependants of inexpensive labour. Harmonizing to an the article Planting Sugarcane and harvesting poorness, Sao Paulo cost of production is $ 165 per ton compared to Europe at $ 700 ton. This is a direct consequence of monolithic slave labour patterns in Brazil. ( Kenfield, 2007 )

It is estimated that 40,000 seasonal migratory labours from Brazil take part in the one-year crop. These Farm Workers work in utmost hot temperatures working long because they are paid the weight of what they cut. In 2005, the province ‘s Regional Deputation of Labor registered 416 deceases from sugar-based ethyl alcohol production. Sugarcane field workers endure some of the hardest labour in the universe ( Kenfield, 2007 )

In February of 2007, The Movement of Landless Rural Workers and the Central Union of Workers organized a non violent protest, in 12 plantations. These organisation aims are to inquire the authorities for action and consciousness of the societal jobs ensuing from the enlargement of sugar cane in the province. These groups are besides inquiring the Brazilian authorities to turn to the issue of nutrient sovereignty policies, inquiring them to prioritise the land to bring forth nutrient for Brazilians. They are conveying to illume the authorities ‘s duty to guarantee that populations have entree to nutrients in equal measures. ( Kenfield, 2007 ) .

Other than the rise of militant groups, small to nil has been done by the industry or the authorities to turn to theses issues. In fact, the Brazilian authorities and industry continue to advance ethanol fuel as a healthy option and a strong economic force for Brazil and the universe.

Mentions

Johnson, K. ( Sept 19,2008 ) . Brazil ‘s Bet: Ethanol ‘s Surpasses Gasoline in Brazil Retrieved September 28, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2008/09/19/brazils-bet-ethanol-surpasses-gasoline-in-brazil/

Kavoric, W. ( 2006-2008 ) . Ethanol ‘s First Century, Fuel blending and permutation plans in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, Retrieved September 11, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.runet.edu/~wkovarik/papers/International.History.Ethanol.Fuel.html

Phaneuf, E. ( 2008, September 10 ) . US, Brazil Ethanol Industry Comparison – The Economicss, History, & A ; Politicss Behind it All. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? US, -Brazil-Ethanol-Industry-Comparison — -The-Economics, -History, -and-Politics-Behind-it-All & A ; id=1483362

Energy4me ( 2009 ) . Essential energy instruction Retrieved September 11, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //energyforme.org/sources/alternative/Historyofethanol.htm

Fuel-Testers ( 2006-2009 ) . Everything you need to cognize to safely pull off Ethanol andE-10 Gasoline, Ethanol Fuel Retrieved September 28, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fuel-testers.com/ethanol_fuel_history.html

SolarCompanies ( 2005-2009 ) . A National Directory of Solar Services, History of Ethanol Retrieved September 28, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarcompanies.com/upart/history-of-ethanol

A Elephantine awakens ( 2009 January ) Foreign Affairs Jan/Feb 2009 Vol 88 Issue 1 p1-3Retrieved September 11, 2009 from Academic hunt Prime Minister database

Meade, T.J. , ( 2004 ) Brief history of Brazil Publication: New York, N.Y. Facts on file Iraqi National Congress.

Amani Elobeid & A ; Simla Tokgoz, 2006. “ Removal of U.S. Ethanol Domestic and Trade Distortions: Impact on U.S. and Brazilian Ethanol Markets, ” Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute ( FAPRI ) Publications 06-wp427, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute ( FAPRI ) at Iowa State University.

Elobeid, Amani & A ; Tokgoz, Simla & A ; Hayes, Dermot J. & A ; Babcock, Bruce A. & A ; Hart, Chad E. , 2007. “ Long-run Impact Of Corn-Based Ethanol on the Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Sectors: A Preliminary Appraisal, The, ” Staff General Research Papers 12717, Iowa State University, Department of Economics

Nardon, L. & A ; Aten, K. , 2007. “ Beyond a better mousetrap: a cultural analysis of the acceptance of ethyl alcohol in Brazil, ” Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Working Paper Series 2007-18, Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School.

Tokgoz, Simla & A ; Elobeid, Amani, 2006. “ Analysis of the Link between Ethanol, Energy, and Crop Markets, An, ” Staff General Research Papers 12691, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.

Jacinto F. Fabiosa & A ; John C. Beghin & A ; Fengxia Dong & A ; Amani Elobeid & A ; Simla Tokgoz & A ; Tun-Hsiang ( Edward ) Yu, 2009. “ Land Allocation Effects of the Global Ethanol Surge: Predictions from the International FAPRI Model, ” Center for Agricultural and Rural Development ( CARD ) Publications 09-wp488, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development ( CARD ) at Iowa State University.

Seelke, C. R. , & A ; Yacobucci, B. D. ( 2007, September 27 ) . Ethanol and other biofuels: potency for U.S.-Brazil energy cooperation. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/93476.pdf

Luhnow, D. , & A ; Samor, G. ( 2006, January 16 ) . As Brazil fills up on ethyl alcohol, it weans off energy imports. Retrieved August 31, 2009, from YALEGLOBAL ONLINE Web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article? id=6817

Valdes, S. ( 2007, June 4 ) . Ethanol demand driving the enlargement of Brazil ‘s sugar industry. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/sugar/sugarpdf/EthanolDemandSSS249.pdf

Pimentel, David ( 2003 ) . Ethanol Fuels: Energy Balance, Economics and Environmental Impacts are Negative. Natural Resources Research, Vol. 12, No. 2. Retrieved September 3, 2009.

Maung, Zara ( 2007 ) , Bio-fuels: Brazil Reaction to beckon of environmental Concerns. Climate Change Corp. Retrieved September 11, 2009.

Kenfield, Isabella ( 2007 ) “ Brazil ‘s Ethanol Plan Breeds Rural Poverty, Environmental Degradation ” ( Silver City, NM: International Relations Center, March 6, 2007 ) . Retrieved September 11, 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //americas.irc-online.org/am/4049