The development of ISO 14000 Series of Standards on environmental direction systems in 1993 has lead to the publication of six criterions in 1997. The criterions published were in Table 1. All the criterions are still new to industries but the involvement of assorted stakeholders in the environmental facets and impacts of merchandises is increasing. This involvement is reflected in treatments among concern, consumers, authoritiess and non-governmental organisations refering sustainable development, design for the environment, trade steps, and authorities or sector-based voluntary enterprises. This involvement is besides reflected in the economic sciences of assorted market sections that are acknowledging and taking advantage of these new attacks to merchandise design. These new attacks may ensue in improved resource and procedure efficiencies, possible merchandise distinction, decrease in regulative load and possible liability, and costs nest eggs.
Table 1
ISO 14001
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Specification with Guidance for Use
ISO 14004
General Guidelines on Principles, Systems and Supporting Techniques
ISO 14010
General Principles of Environmental Auditing
ISO 14011
Procedures for Auditing of EMS
ISO 14012
Qualification Criteria for Environmental Hearers
ISO Guide 64
Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Merchandise Standards
ISO 14001 is the most popular criterion because its demands, companies gain enfranchisement from an commissioned enfranchisement organic structure. ISO 14004 provides guidelines for companies to implement environmental direction systems to accomplish the ISO 14001 demands. ISO 14010, 14011 and 14012 are guidelines for environmental auditing. These three paperss provide guidelines for companies on environmental scrutinizing rules and processs, and on making of environment hearers.
The ISO Guide 64 is the usher for the inclusion of environmental facets in merchandises design and development. It describes constructs and current patterns associating to the integrating of environmental facets into merchandise design and development. The proficient study is intended for usage by all those involved in the design and development of merchandises, irrespective of organisation type, size, location and complexness, and for all types of merchandises whether new or modified. It is written for those straight involved in the procedure of merchandise design and development and for those responsible for the policy or decision-making procedure.
In response to the demands for incorporating environmental facets into merchandise design and development, ISO/TC 207, Environmental direction, took the enterprise in 1998 at its 6th plenary meeting in San Francisco to make an ad-hoc group on design for environment ( DfE ) . The group met three times in the class of 1998-1999 and produced a study to ISO/TC 207 in 1999 at its 7th plenary meeting in Seoul. Based on the study from the ad-hoc group, France and the Republic of Korea drafted a new work point proposal ( NWIP ) that aimed at developing a proficient study. The proposal had been circulated within ISO/TC 207 for ballot and the consequence was positive. Of the 36 P ( Participating ) members balloted, 25 supported the new work point. Consequently, a working group ( WG 3 ) was created under the TC 207 umbrella in late 1999 and the figure 14062 was assigned to the proficient study.
A sum of six meetings, each enduring three yearss ( except the first and the last that lasted two yearss each ) , were held between January 2000 and October 2001. In mid-December 2001, ISO/DTR 14062 was issued and circulated for ballot to ISO/TC 207 P- ( Participating ) members from mid- December 2001 to mid-March 2002. This clip the consequence was consentaneous. Out of the 46 P-members that responded, all 46 P-members supported the bill of exchange Technical Report, ISO/DTR 14062. This was a major turn-around from the NWIP ( new work point proposal ) ballot consequence, and indicated that ISO/DTR 14062, Environmental direction – Integrating environmental facets into merchandise design and development, had genuinely been developed through the consensus procedure. The construction of ISO 14062 in Table 2.
Table 2 The construction of ISO 14062
Capable
Contentss
Strategic considerations like
Company, business/product and design scheme
Chapter 5.1-5.4 with General, Organizational issues, Product-related issues and
Communication
Chapter 7.3 Concepts
Chapter 7.4 Strategic merchandise related aims
Chapter 7.5 Design attacks
Management considerations
Chapter 6 ( General, Management function, Proactive attack, Support from bing direction
systems, Multi disciplinary attack, Supply concatenation direction )
Merchandise considerations
Chapter 7.1-7.2 ( General, Product related environmental facets and impacts )
Product design and development procedure
Chapter 8
One of the characteristic of ISOA / TR 14062 isA holistic approachA deep integrateA environmental aspectA from productA intoA merchandise designA andA development process.A There is non the merchandise problemA merely, butA besides strategicA as and direction issues inA integrate environmental aspectA is keyA to integration success of procedure. This proficient study adopts holistic attack withA specificallyA undertaking jobs related toA strategic, A managementA and considerationA merchandise.
Besides that, Strategic considerations involve the consideration of organisational, merchandise, and communicating issues within the context of the organisation ‘s bing policies, schemes and construction. Examples of the organisational issues include rivals ‘ activities, client demands, and others. Examples of the product-related issues include early integrating, life rhythm thought, functionality, and others. Examples of communicating issues include internal and external communications.
Furthermore, direction considerations involve the consideration of the direction function, proactive attack, bing direction system support, multidisciplinary attack, and supply concatenation direction. Management functions include the induction of the integrating procedure, either topdown or bottom-up. A proactive attack seeks to forestall inauspicious environmental impacts before they arise. Support from bing direction systems such as quality and environmental direction systems can trip the integrating activities. In general, the merchandise design and development procedure is normally portion of an bing direction system, such as ISO 9001, through which the environmental facets and product-related activities could be incorporated. Multidisciplinary attack involves relevant subjects and organisational maps such as design, selling, environment, and others. Supply concatenation direction ‘s trades with interactions with providers, bearers, clients, retail merchants, and end-of-life histrions.
Merchandise considerations involve the consideration of the product-related environmental facets and impacts, basic issues and strategic environmental aims. Possible design attacks are the existent means to run into the strategic environmental aims.
Merchandises may hold a scope of environmental facets that result in environmental impacts. The environmental impacts are mostly determined by the stuff and energy inputs and end products generated at all phases of a merchandise ‘s life rhythm.
There is a theoretical account of merchandise design and development in ISO/TR 14062 consists of six phases: planning, conceptual design, elaborate design, testing/prototype, market launch, and merchandise reappraisal. The Planning phase encompasses planning and preparation of merchandise demands. The Conceptual design phase is to recognize the demands for the merchandise. The Detailed design phase is to further develop to run into the merchandise design specification and to stipulate the merchandise prior to production or debut into service. The Testing/prototype phase is to look into the elaborate design against environmental marks and other specifications. The environmental public presentation of the merchandise such as life rhythm assessment consequences can besides be assessed in this phase. The Market launch phase is to present the merchandise to the market and communicate information on the merchandise ‘s characteristics and benefits to the clients. The Product reappraisal purposes at happening out whether the outlooks of the organisation, clients have been met. Feedback and unfavorable judgment from clients and other stakeholders are an of import information beginning for the organisation to better its current or future merchandises. Summary in Table 3.
Table 3 Typical phases of the design and development procedure ( phases are inter-linked )
Phases
Activities during Design and Development Process
Planing
Environmental analysis, benchmark, determine facets and demands, define marks
Conceptual Design
Develop design constructs, analyze mention and alternate merchandises
Detailed Design
Apply design attack and tools
Testing/Prototype
Verify conformity to specification
Production/Market Launch
Communication about stuff, best usage, take back, disposal
Product Review
Evaluate experiences ( market success, environmental impacts )
Life rhythm appraisal ( LCA ) is one illustration of technique for measuring the environmental facets and possible impacts associated with a merchandise by roll uping stock list of relevant inputs and end products of a system, measuring the possible environmental impacts associated with those inputs and end products and construing the consequences of the stock list and impact stages in relation to the aims of the survey.
LCA surveies the environmental facets and possible impacts throughout a merchandise ‘s life from natural stuff through production, usage and disposal.
A simplified possible solution is selected derived from the regulations in the Siemens criterion SN 36 350 that have won the Siemens Environmental Award in the class of merchandises in the twelvemonth 2000 and is besides for the applied scientists still a best pattern illustration. Table 4 shows the illustration for the application of design regulations ( matching to facets ) and their effects over the whole life rhythm.
Table 4 Example for the application of design regulations ( matching to facets ) and their effects over the whole life rhythm
Life rhythm stage
Activities
Consequence for the Siemens Mobile Phone Base Station BS 241
Selling, Planning, Conceptual and
Detailed Design
Integrate outlooks of clients
Estimate impact over life rhythm
Derive development marks like
– reduced energy ingestion
– reduced risky substances
A new chilling ( -33 % cost ) system avoiding an active chilling by air
and new patent chilling with membrane filter ( = no heat money changer )
Procurement* , Production*
Reduce stuff
Reduce weight
– New subrack: 1 part/1 stuff, ca. -80 % cost,
25 % more infinite ; former rack: 66 parts, 4 stuffs
– Front: pure steel with structured surface, laser lettering,
100 % recycling possible
Gross saless and Service *
Information about disposal
Documentation for clients
Service call by package and remote control
( = less service costs )
Use/ application*
Information about long utile life
and merchandise usage in environmental favourable
manner
Power ingestion was reduced by -35 % Sensitivity was increased
by +2dB ( matching power decrease in cellular phones -37 % )
Disassembly* , Disposal*
Ease of disassembly
Packaging ( now plug & amp ; drama from mill ) ; stuffs merely wood,
multi-use
Entire merchandise: About 100 % recycling possible.
* Planing happens during ‘planning and development ‘ stage
The benefits are chances to cut down costs, sell services, new merchandises or better the competitory state of affairs. If non today the investing may pay off within some old ages. Prevention is assumed to be highest in the hierarchy of environmental betterments. The maker can lend to bar by avoiding stuffs with high impact for the environment, by cut downing the ingestion of resources or by recycling, and others.
ISO TR 14062 is a really valuable usher for all who are interested or involved in the design and development of environmentally compatible merchandises. It is recommended to reassign the general criterion to the company-specific direction systems, tools and civilizations.
